1. The American Civil War
1861–1865
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2. Causes
There were many causes for the outbreak of the Civil War. Many people agree slavery was the main cause for the war. In addition, sectional differences led to conflicts. Northern and Southern states were developing different lifestyles and cultures. Differences in the economic life of the North and the South also contributed to the conflict. The North’s economy focused on finance and manufacturing, and the South specialized in crops and agricultural trade. Southern states also began to question the extent of the federal government’s power.
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3. How does this painting, Tragic Prelude, represent the debate over
slavery prior to the Civil War?

4. Abolitionist Movement
The Abolitionist Movement was active in Northern and Western states before the Civil War. Abolitionists wanted slaves to be freed. Some abolitionists favored relocating them in Africa. Many, but not all, abolitionists believed African-American slaves should have the same freedoms as their owners. Southern states opposed the abolition of slavery; it was a financial necessity and part of their social structure. The South’s agricultural trade depended on crops produced with slave labor.
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5. A Divided Nation Comparing Northern and Southern Societies
The South had about nine million people, including about three million slaves.
The average Southerner was not as wealthy as the average person living in the North.
About 90 percent of American industry and railroads were in the North.
Reliance on slave labor discouraged the creation of new jobs in the South. This discouraged immigration, and most immigrants settled in the North.
The North’s population was three times that of the South.
Most other countries recognized the Union as the government in America.
However, Britain and France had friendly relations with the Confederacy and considered aiding the South.
The North also was more affluent.
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6. The Leaders
Jefferson Davis was President of the Confederate States of America.
During the Mexican War, he had been an officer in the United States Army.
Davis also had served as the United States Secretary of War
Abraham Lincoln was the sixteenth President of the United States.
He opposed the expansion of slavery.
A Republican, Lincoln led the Union during the Civil War..
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7. The Generals Ulysses S. Grant Robert E. Lee William T. Sherman
Thomas Jackson
George Meade
James Longstreet
George B. McClellan
James E.B. Stuart
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8. Strategies Anaconda Plan King Cotton CICERO © 2010
Union General Winfield Scott suggested the Anaconda Plan to halt Southern trade.
The plan would impose a blockade. This would eventually enable the North to control the Mississippi River.
Meanwhile, the army would divide and isolate sections of the South and capture its vital cities and the capital in Richmond, Virginia. Under General Ulysses S. Grant, the North’s strategy kept pressure on General Robert E. Lee’s army and constantly weakened their numbers. The larger population of the North made this possible.
King Cotton
The Confederacy adopted a defensive strategy and attempted to secure alliances with more powerful countries such as Britain and France.
To do that, the South needed to show it could win the war.
As a result, the Confederate army attacked Union territory to draw Union troops away from the South and to impress potential allies.
As the war continued, the Southern strategy became one of evading the Union army, prolonging the war, and inflicting casualties to demoralize the North.
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9. Weapons of the Civil War
canister shot
artillery projectile
rifled barrel
officer’s sword
Springfield rifle, (Union)
Although the Union used many types of rifles, this was the most common.
British Enfield rifle, (Confederacy)
Although the Confederacy used many types of rifles, this was the most common.
minié ball
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10. Uniforms
At the beginning of the Civil War, states provided uniforms to soldiers; and the uniforms were in a variety of colors.
This led to massive confusion on the battlefield, and often soldiers fired on their own men.
As the war continued, both sides chose a single color for their uniforms. The United States of America chose blue, and the Confederate States of America chose gray.
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11. Major Battles of the Civil War
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12. Fort Sumter April 12, 1861 South Carolina
Location: Charleston County, SC
Leaders: Union- Major Anderson Confederacy- Brig. Gen Beauregard
Notes: In the early morning of April 12, 1861, the Confederates launched an attack on the Union army at Ft. Sumter.
The Confederacy continued its attack with prolonged gunfire, and the Union troops in the fort surrendered a day later.
One Confederate soldier and four Union soldiers were killed in the battle.
Winner/Sign: Confederacy wins
Beginning of the Civil War
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13. First Bull Run/Manassas July 21, 1861
Virginia
First Bull Run/Manassas July 21, 1861
Location: Fairfax County and Prince William County, VA
Leaders: Union-Irvin McDowell Confederacy- Beauregard
Notes: General Irvin McDowell led the Union army toward Richmond, Virginia. Confederate troops intercepted them.
The battle lasted about five hours. Confederate forces began to retreat due to losses, except General Thomas Jackson who continued to fight until reinforcements arrived.
The reenergized Confederates pushed McDowell’s forces out of the area.
Winner/Sign: Confederacy win
Casualties: Union-2,446, Conf. 1,600
Earns Jackson the nickname “Stonewall”
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14. The War at Sea: Monitor v Merrimack
Date: March 8, 1862
Location: This battle was fought off Sewell’s Point near Hampton Roads, Virginia.
Notes: It was the first naval battle between two ironclad ships, the Union’s USS Monitor and the Confederacy’s CSS Virginia, which was rebuilt from the USS Merrimack.
The battle took place over two days, and the Virginia destroyed many of the Union’s wooden ships.
Winner/Sign:
Neither side claimed victory in this battle, but the battle revealed the future of naval warfare. Ironclad, steam-driven ships were at a decisive advantage against wooden sailing vessels.
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15. Shiloh April 6-7, 1862 Tennessee Location: Hardin County, Tennessee
Leaders: Union- Ulysses S. Grant and Maj. Gen. Buell Confederacy: Gen. Sidney and Gen. Beauregard
Notes: Grant decided to take Tennessee
Albert S. Johnson, commander of the Western front decided to attack before Grant gained reinforcements and surprised the Union forces near Shiloh Church
Commanders on each side were fighting in the thick of the battle
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16. Shiloh April 6-7, 1862 Tennessee CICERO © 2010 Notes:
Union general William Tecumseh Sherman had 3 horses shot out from under him
General Johnson was killed, and the command passed to P.G.T Beauregard
At night, Union boats brought fresh troops to Grant’s camp, and Grant led an attack at dawn
Winner/Sign:
Union Victory
More casualties than in all previous American wars combined
Made Grant Famous
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17. Antietam September 17, 1862 Maryland Location: Washington County, MD
Notes: It was a confrontation between Union and Confederate forces under Generals George McClellan and Robert E. Lee.
Federal armies brutalized the Confederacy; the combined casualties were more than twenty-three thousand.
The Union pushed Lee and his troops back to Antietam Creek, but the stubborn Confederate general counterattacked with all his troops. The two sides fought to a standstill, and both armies withdrew.
Winner/Sign- Single bloodiest day of the war. Prompts Lincoln to write the Emancipation Proclamation
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18. Fredericksburg December 13, 1862
Virginia
Fredericksburg December 13, 1862
Notes: Union General Ambrose Burnside led a march on Richmond, but was delayed for more than two weeks because of late-arriving supplies.
General Lee (Confed) positioned his army, deploying snipers to pick off Federal troops.
Confederate artillery decimated Union forces
Burnside had no choice but to retreat with the remnants of his army.
Winner/Sign: Confederacy
Huge moral boost to the Confederacy
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19. The Emancipation Proclamation January 1, 1863
President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation.
The first plan, enacted on September 22, 1862, freed slaves in Confederate states that had not yet rejoined the Union.
The second part took effect on January 1, 1863, applying to specific states, but not to the border states such as Maryland and West Virginia.
Drafted to gain the support of the British who had already abolished slavery
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20. Vicksburg May 2-July 9, 1863 Mississippi Notes:
The North and the South considered Vicksburg an important stronghold.
Union General Ulysses S. Grant launched massive assaults on Vicksburg and terrorized the inhabitants.
Confederates achieved a minimal victory at Milliken’s Bend against untrained black troops.
Federal troops pushed Confederate forces back as the size of the Union forces continued to increase.
Winner/Sign: Union
2nd part of the Anaconda Plan
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21. Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863 Notes:
Pennsylvania
Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863
Notes:
The Battle of Gettysburg began as the Battle of Vicksburg was ending.
Confederate General Lee forced federal troops, under General George C. Meade’s command, to lose ground as the Confederate forces attempted to take the city.
Lee planned several attacks; the Union army fought back
Lee was relentless and sent his army back into battle, but to no avail. Forced to retreat
Winner/Sign: Union
Bloodiest battle of the Civil War
Gettysburg Address
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22. The Gettysburg Address November 19, 1863
Abraham Lincoln delivered this famous speech on November 19, 1863 in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
The speech contains only two hundred seventy-two words, but it is considered one of the greatest speeches in American history.
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23. Sherman’s March to the Sea November 15-December 20, 1864
Union General William T. Sherman already had captured Atlanta, but he wanted to leave sixty thousand troops there while he marched the rest of his army to the Atlantic Ocean through Savannah, Georgia.
Sherman’s troops burned buildings and infrastructures along the way, destroying many towns and cities. Sherman’s troops defeated the depleted Confederate army and took Savannah on December 22, 1864.
As the Union army moved through the South, they destroyed train tracks by heating the rails and bending them into a bow. This became known as “Sherman’s Neckties”
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24. Surrender at Appomattox April 9, 1865
Virginia
Surrender at Appomattox April 9, 1865
General Lee had given up protecting Richmond and sought to rejoin Confederate forces.
Lee quickly realized that Union forces seriously outnumbered his own.
General Lee surrendered his Confederate army at Appomattox Court House, Virginia, on April 9, 1865.
Lee’s army had diminished, which contributed to Union General Grant’s many victories near the end of the war.
In a sign of respect, Grant allowed Lee to keep his saber and horse.
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25. Assassination of Lincoln April 14, 1865
President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth at the end of the Civil War. on April 14, 1865.
Lincoln was attending a play at Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C., with his wife and two other people. Lincoln was watching Our American Cousin Booth shot him in the back of the head.
Booth was a loyal Confederate, and he thought the Confederacy could triumph if Lincoln were dead.
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26. The Trial and Execution of the Conspirators
The conspirators in the assassination of President Lincoln were Mary Surratt, Lewis Powell, David Herold, George Atzerdot, Michael O’Laughlen, Samuel Arnold, Edman Spangler, and Dr. Samuel Mudd. They were tried in a military tribunal court because the government deemed the nature of the case required the use of this court. A majority vote would result in a guilty verdict, while a two-thirds majority would result in a death sentence.
All eight were found guilty. Surratt, Powell, Herold, and Atzerdot were sentenced to death by hanging. O’Laughlen died in prison. President Andrew Johnson pardoned Arnold, Spangler, and Mudd.
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27. Cost of the War Civil War was the deadliest war in American History
About 620,000 soldiers died
360,00 from the Union
260,000 from the Confederacy
-Another 375,000 soldiers wounded
-War destroyed farms and plantations in the South
Took much longer for the South to recover
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28. Legacy of the War
The Civil War led to passage of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth , and Fifteen Amendments to the United States Constitution.
These amendments outlawed slavery, granted African Americans United States citizenship, and granted African-American males the right to vote.
Although equal treatment under the law for African Americans would not be enforced until almost a hundred years later, the Civil War abolished slavery and established the supremacy of the federal government.
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29. The Thirteenth Amendment
In January 1865, Congress passed the Thirteenth Amendment, which banned slavery from the United States
“Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction”
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