1. Imperialism in Asia World History
Key Terms #3
Imperialism in Asia
World History

2. Essential Question:
How did Chinese people view Europeans? How were their fears justified?

3. Qing Dynasty Cixi Imperial Dowager Empress of China with Attendants
15. Xenophobia
Fear or dislike of foreigners
Racism is described as a form of xenophobia
China was very suspicious of Europeans
European merchants were restricted to one trading post (Canton) in China for 200 years
Xenophobia denotes a phobic attitude towards strangers or of the unknown. The term is typically used to describe fear or dislike of foreigners or in general of people different from one's self.
For example, racism is sometimes described as a form of xenophobia, but in most cases racism has nothing to do with a real phobia. Xenophobia implies a belief that the target is in some way foreign.
Qing Dynasty Cixi Imperial Dowager Empress of China with Attendants

4. China is divided between the Western powers
16. Sphere of Influence
Europeans agree to “carve up” the country
In China Europeans dealt directly with warlords establishing areas that barred others from trading.
China is “carved up” by…
Russia
Japan
Germany
Great Britain
France
China is divided between the Western powers

5. Spheres of influence in China prior to the Open Door Policy

6. France and Great Britain carve up the world
17. Open Door Policy
US acquires the Philippine Islands
US wants access to China, requests an “open door.”
Did not end the Spheres of Influence but loosened trade among the imperialist powers within the spheres
After the Opium Wars reduced the Qing empire to near bankruptcy, Western imperialists cracked open China's "closed door" policy. China was forced to open more ports to trade and also cede adjacent territories to the West.
The triumphant West soon colonized these territories. England annexed Hong Kong to add to its existing Asian colonies; France took over Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos); Russia moved into Chinese Turkestan and Manchuria; Japan grabbed Taiwan and won dominance over Korea.
To guarantee America's share, the U.S. negotiated The Open Door Policy in 1899 to ensure "equal and impartial" Chinese trade among Western imperialists.
The Open Door Policy has been an important policy that has led to an increase of trade, economic co-operation, and interdependence between countries. The theory of the Open Door Policy is a cornerstone of the idea that trade is a natural right, and although countries can counter such policies with isolationist attitudes, that would be unnatural, for trade and communication with others is natural, as cited in John Locke's famous treatises.
France and Great Britain carve up the world

7. Open Door Policy and the Boxer Rebellion

8. 18. Self-strengthening Chinese response to European imperialism
The First Opium War is generally considered the starting point of Chinese modern history, bringing a full stop to the long-term isolation of China. Some Chinese officers and intellectuals realized that it was not possible to deal with the new challenges facing China without transformation.
The Self-Strengthening Movement from the 1860s to 1890s, which focused on studying Western science and production modes in an attempt to strengthen national power by means of establishing industry and commerce, was a reformation by the Qing dynasty itself. However, the defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War made clear that the changes in technological advancement could not fundamentally improve the condition of old feudal China.
Chinese response to European imperialism
Reformers wanted to adopt Western technology but keep Confucian values
An attempt to strengthen China – but outside pressures continue

9. Political cartoon of the early 1900s
19. Modernization
Industrialization, urbanization, and social change
Advanced WESTERN Infrastructure
Roads
Bridges
Establish WESTERN
Systems of schooling
Colleges & Universities
Encourage trade with other countries
Modernization is a concept in the sphere of social sciences that refers to process in which society goes through industrialization, urbanization and other social changes that completely transform the lives of individuals.
The concept of modernization comes from a view of societies as having a standard evolutionary pattern, as described in the social evolutionism theories. According to this each society would evolve inexorably from barbarism to ever greater levels of development and civilization. The more modern states would be wealthier and more powerful, and their citizens freer and having a higher standard of living. This was the standard view in the social sciences for many decades.
This theory stressed the importance of societies being open to change and saw reactionary forces as restricting development. Maintaining tradition for tradition's sake was thought to be harmful to progress and development.
Political cartoon of the early 1900s

10. 20.Westernization Taking on European languages and customs
An effect of Western expansion and colonialism
New Western ideas of: Industry, technology, law, politics, economics, lifestyle, diet, language, alphabet, religion and values.
Enveloping and rapid influence
Westernization is a process whereby traditional, long-established societies come under the influence of Western culture in such matters as industry, technology, law, politics, economics, lifestyle, diet, language, alphabet, religion and values. Westernization has been a pervasive and accelerating influence across the world in the last few centuries.
Westernization can also be related to the process of acculturation. Acculturation refers to the changes that occur within a society or culture when two different groups come into direct continuous contact. After the contact, changes in cultural patterns within either or both cultures are evident. More specifically, Westernization refers to the effects of Western expansion and colonialism on native societies.
For example, natives who have adopted European languages and characteristic Western customs are called acculturated or Westernized. Westernization may be forced or voluntary depending on the situation of the contact.
Different degrees of domination, destruction, resistance, survival, adaptation, and modification of the native culture, follows interethnic contact. In a situation where the native culture experiences destruction as a result of a more powerful outsider, a “shock phase” often is a result from the encounter. This shock phase is especially characteristic during interactions involving expansionist or colonialist eras. During the shock phase, civil repression using military force may lead to a cultural collapse, or ethnocide, which is a culture’s physical extinction. Often, the intruders will attempt to remake the native culture within their own image, ignoring the fact that the models of culture that they have created are inappropriate for settings outside of western civilization. (Phillip, Conrad. (2005). Window on Humanity. New York: McGraw-Hill)
The effect of the
“West” on Japan