1. The Stomach – Gaster - Ventriculus
The Stomach is a sac-like dilation part of the alimentary canal between oesophagus and intestines. It occupies in the left side of cranial abdominal region (epigastrium)
It is connected with the spleen at the left side, the liver at the right and front side and pancreas and intestines in caudally
Coto

2. Functions of The Stomach
Storage - The stomach receives the boluses from the oesophagus and store them temporarily
Mechanical digestion - The ingesta inside the stomach are pierced and mixed with gastric juice by the muscular contraction (churning and mashing of the content)
Chemical (enzymatic) digestion - The gastric juice secreted by the glands in the stomach wall consists of pepsin, rennin, HCL etc...
Coto

3. Types of The Stomach In Mammals
The stomach can show considerable diversity among the mammals. These variety are closely associated in function related with the nutritional habits and consumed foods
According to size and shape;
Monogastric ( one stomach) – Carnivores, human, pig, horse
Polygastric (more than one stomach) – Ruminants (ox,sheep,goat,deer,camel etc..)
According to composition of gastric mucous membran;
Glandular lining / Non-Glandular lining
Coto

4. Types of The Stomach In Mammals
1. Monogastric stomach
Simple stomach ; Glanduler lining (Car., human)
Complex stomach ; Mix lining (Horse, pig)
2. Polygastric stomach
Complex stomach ; Ruminants
Coto

5. Monogastric (Simple) Type Stomach
The stomach of the carnivores, pig and horse has a C-shaped unique part occupies in the left side of cranial abdominal region
Two ends of the stomach - the cardiac opening (ostium cardiacum)
- the pyloral opening (ostium pyloricum)
Coto

6. Monogastric (Simple) Type Stomach
The stomach of the carnivores, pig and horse has a C-shaped unique part occupies in the left side of cranial abdominal region
Two face of the stomach - the parietal surface (facies parietalis)
- the visceral surface (facies visceralis)
Coto

7. Monogastric (Simple) Type Stomach
The stomach of the carnivores, pig and horse has a C-shaped unique part occupies in the left side of cranial abdominal region
Two marges of the stomach - the greater curvature (curvatura ventriculi major)
- the lesser curvature (curvatura ventriculi minor)
Coto

8. Monogastric (Simple) Type Stomach
Parts of the Stomach;
Cardia – the area around the oesophageal opening
Fundus – blind expanded portion of the stomach’s left side
Body – the largest part
Pylorus – the area around the duodenal opening
Coto

9. The Stomach of The Carnivores
The most of the J-shaped organ locates at the left side of epigastrium.
The capacity of the pouch ranges from 1-6 lt according to breeds in dog
The inner wall of the stomach is lined by glandular epithelium (mucous membrane)
Coto

10. The Stomach of The Pig Coto
The Most of the J-shaped organ locates at the left side of epigastrium
The inner wall of the stomach is lined by both of glandular and small non-glandular epithelium.
Gastric diverticulum (diverticulum ventriculi) – the blind extension of the fundus
Coto

11. The Stomach of The Horse
The horse has relatively smaller stomach locates at the left side of epigastrium
The capacity of the organ ranges from 5-15 lt.
Blind sac (Saccus cecus) – the blind extension of the fundus. So, the ends of the organ come closer,
Coto

12. The Stomach of The Horse
The inner wall of the stomach is lined by both of glandular and small non-glandular epithelium.
Visible internal line (margo plicatus) separates non-glandular and glandular portions
A well-developed cardiac sphincter muscle close to the cardiac opening. The horse can’t vomit
Coto

13. The Stomach of The Ruminants
The ruminants have polygastric stomach consisting of four compartments.
They have also the complex stomach consist of non-glandular and glandular parts like horse.
Proximal three having non-glandular lining comprise the forestomach (proventriculus), on the contrary the distal compartment is the glandular portion
RUMEN
RETICULUM
OMASUM
ABOMASUM
Coto

14. RUMINANT MİDELERİ Coto Forestomach (Proventriculus) ; RUMEN
Ost.rumenoreticularis
RETICULUM
Ost.reticuloomasicum
OMASUM; (absent in camel and llama)
Ost.omasoabomasicum
Glandular stomach (Ventriculus);
ABOMASUM
Coto

15. Rumen Coto The first and largest part of the proventriculus.
It is the huge, laterally compressed sac which fills the left side of abdomen.
Two ends - extremitas cranialis (diaphragma) et caudalis (pelvic inlet)
Two faces - facies parietalis (left side, abdominal wall) et visceralis (right side,)
Two bordes - curvatura dorsalis et ventralis
Coto

16. Rumen Anatomy Coto Two longitudinal grooves (right and left)
Two transversal grooves (cranial and caudal)
Two coronary grooves (dorsal and ventral)
Dorsal sac (cranial + caudal)
Ventral sac (cranial + caudal)
Coto

17. Rumen Anatomy Coto Sulcus longitudinalis sinister
Sulcus longitudinalis dexter
Sulcus accessorius dexter : * Insula ruminis
Saccus dorsalis
Ost.intraruminale
Saccus ventralis
Sulcus transversus cranialis
Saccus cecus craniodorsalis (atrium ruminis)
Saccus cecus cranioventralis (recessus ruminis)
Sulcus transversus caudalis
Sulcus coronarius dorsalis
Sulcus coronarius ventralis
Saccus cecus caudodorsalis
Saccus cecus caudoventralis
Coto

18. Inner Wall of the Rumen Coto
Pillars (pila ruminis) ; the internal representations of the external groves. There are three big pillars on the rumen interior wall.
Papilla ruminis : mucosal projections that give a rug appearance the inside of rumen
Coto

19. Reticulum
The smallest and most cranial parts of the compartments located on the medial plane, againts the diaphragm. It is positioned on the cranioventral side of rumen
The wall is thick and interior has some intersecting mucosal crest (Cristae reticuli). Honeycomp appearance (cellulae reticuli)
Coto

20. Omasum Coto Last part of the forestomach (proventricule)
It locates at the right side of median plane, at the levels of 9-12 thoracal vertebras and at the middle portion of the dorso-vental axis of abdomen
Laminae omasi – mucosal leaf
In ox: 12-14
In sheep: 9-10
In goat: 10-11
Leaf : yaprak
Coto

21. Abomasum
The Last compartment and the True stomach of ruminants lined by glandular mucosa
It is pear-shaped organ located at the right side of ventral abdominal wall.
Plicae spirales abomasi – Fold like mucosal projections inside the abomasum
Coto

22. INTESTINES
The longest part of the digestive canal extends from pylorus to anus.
The proximal part is called the small intestines because of its relatively small lumen
The distal part is called the large intestines.
INTESTINUM TENUE INTESTINUM CRASSUM
Coto

23. INTESTINES
The lenght, shape and capacity of the intestines ant its segments differ with the species
INTESTINUM TENUE
Duodenum
Jejenum
Ileum
INTESTINUM CRASSUM
Cecum
Colon
Rectum
Canalis analis
Coto

24. The Mesentery
The mesentery is a suspensory fold of the intestines that arises from peritoneal tissue on the dorsal wall of the abdominal cavity and attaches to the intestines.
It terms according to related intestinal portion whre is hangs on, i.e. mesoduodenum, mesojejunum, mesoileum, mesocolon, mesorectum.
The vessels that supply the intestines are stayed on the mesentery
The main artery of the intestines is the cranial mesenteric artery.
The mesentery is the suspensory fold of he intestines.
Coto

25. THE SMALL INTESTINE Coto
The relatively narrower part of the intestinal tract.
Inner wall of small intestine is lined by millions of small finger-like projection – villi
Begins at the pylorus and terminates at the cecocolic fold
Duodenum (12 fingers) Jejunum (empty) Ileum (curvy)
Coto

26. The Duodenum
The first part of the intestines is 12 finger at length in human
It locates upper right side of the abdomen.
Duct of pancreas and duct of bile from liver are open the proximal (cranial) portion of the duodenum.
Coto

27. Route of The Duodenum Coto
Starts from the pylorus with dilation - Ampulla duodeni
Crosses left to the right - Pars cranialis
Turns to the caudal - Flx.duodeni cranialis
Runs to the backward - Pars descendens
Turns the left - Flx.duodeni caudalis
Passes shortly right to the left - Pars transversa
Directs cranially - Pars ascendens
Curved as jejenum - Flx.duodenijejunalis
Ended by a peritoneal fold attaches the duodenum to the descending colon - Plica doudenocolica
Coto

28. The Duodenum
In dogs, descending part of the tube is located at the right side of the ventral abdominal wall, because of the long mesoduodenum
Descending part of the duodenum is not covered by greater omentum, because of the slouched position of the duodenum
Coto

29. The Jejunum
The jejunum is the longest part of the small intestine
Highly coiled appearance - ansa jejunalis
Begins from the duodenojejunal flexur at the caudal border of the duodenocolic fold
Ends at the iliocecal fold point.
In ru and su;
at the right side of the middle abdominal cavity
In eq;
at the left and upper side of the abdominal cavity
In car;
median portion and close to the ventral abdominal wall
Coto

30. The Ileum
The short terminal part of the small intestine. It is attached to the cecum by iliocecal fold externally. It opens iliocecal orifice at the connection point of cecum and colon.
Coto

31. THE LARGE INTESTINE
Caecum
Colon
Rectum
Anal Canal
Coto

32. The Cecum
The cecum is the initial blind part of the large intestine which is located at the right caudal side of the abdominal cavity, except in pig.
Coto

33. The Cecum
In human; Cecum is a rudimentary organ, the vermiform process ‘’appendix’’ is seen on-site
Coto

34. The Cecum Coto In cat; The rudimentary very small blind sac
In dog; The cecum is a S-shaped small blind sac.
Coto

35. The Cecum
In pig and ruminants; The cecum is an elongated blind sac. Two tenias and haustra are seen in pigs’ and located at the left side of the abdomen differ from the other
Coto

36. The Cecum
In horse; it is well-developed and it lies from the right paralumbar fossa to the sternum.
It has four tenias and haustra. Dorsal, ventral, lateral, medial
It is divided three parts. Basis, body, apex
Coto

37. The Colon Coto The main part of the large intestine
- Ascending Colon; The first and well-developed part.
- Transver Colon; It crosses right to left from just before the cranial mesenteric artery in all species.
- Descending Colon; The last and relatively narrower part. It runs on to the rectum.
Coto

38. The Colon In Human and Dog
Starts from the iliocecal junction point in the right side of caudal abdominal cavity
Colon ascendens – Runs to the forward
Flx.coli dextra – Turns the left
Colon transversum – Passes through right to left
Flx.coli sinistra – Turns the backward
Colon descendens – Goes to the pelvic inlet
Colon sigmoidea (human)
Coto

39. The Colon in Pig and Ruminant
It is in the left (pig) and right (ru). General shape is named as ‘’spiral colon’’. Centripetal gyri has two tenia and haustra in pig
Colon ascendens
Ansa proximalis coli – First ‘’S’’ shaped curve
Ansa spiralis coli
Gyri centripetales – periphery to center
Flx.centralis
Gyricentrifugales – center to periphery
Ansa distalis coli – Distal ‘’S’’ shaped curve
Colon transversum
Colon descendens
Coto

40. The Colon in Horse Coto Colon ascendens
Colon ventrale dextrum (4 tenia)
Flx.sternalis
Colon ventrale sinistrum
Flx.pelvina
Colon dorsale sinistrum (1 tenia)
Flx.diaphragmatica
Colon dorsale dextrum (3 tenia)
Ampulla coli
Colon transversum
Colon descendens
Coto

41. The Colon in Horse Coto Colon ascendens
Colon ventrale dextrum (4 tenia)
Flx.sternalis
Colon ventrale sinistrum
Flx.pelvina
Colon dorsale sinistrum (1 tenia)
Flx.diaphragmatica
Colon dorsale dextrum (3 tenia)
Ampulla coli
Colon transversum
Colon descendens
Coto

42. The Rectum
The dilated streight part of the large intestine located in the pelvic cavity.
Rectal palpation
Coto

43. The Anal Canal
The last part of the large intestines and digestive tract.
Extends from rectum, opens to anus
M.sphincter ani internus (involuntary)
M.sphincter ani externus (voluntary)
Gl.circumanales (car)
Sinus paranales (car)
Anus
Coto