1. Warm Up
Set up your journal for Cornell Notes and title it: Biochemistry- Enzymes
Answer #1 and 2.

2. Warm Up Take out Cornell Notes 1-8 and Foldable Answer the following:
Describe the affect on an enzyme if it is placed in a solution who’s pH is not the optimal pH for the enzyme.
What is the relationship between sucrose and sucrose? Which is the enzyme and which is the substrate?
Contrast the 2 types of inhibition.

3. Warm Up
Set up Cornell Notes for 4-8
Get out tickets for Auction 

5. What are enzymes?

6. ENZYMES ARE A SPECIAL TYPE OF PROTEIN!
Enzymes are Biological catalysts that increase the rate of metabolic reactions.

7. What is a catalyst?

8. Catalyst-
A substance that speeds up the rate of a reaction without being changed or used up during it. (they are reusable)

9. What is the morphology (shape) of an enzyme?

10. FOR PROTEINS: SHAPE MATTERS!
Proteins fold & twist into 3-D shape
that’s what happens in the cell!
Different shapes = different jobs
growth hormone
hemoglobin
pepsin
collagen

11. PROTEIN STRUCTURES The four protein structures are: Primary
Describes the unique order of the amino acids joined together to make the protein
Secondary
Refers to the coiling and folding of a polypeptide chain that gives the protein its 3-D shape
Examples: alpha (α) helix and beta (β) pleated sheet
Tertiary
Comprehensive 3-D structure of the polypeptide
Quaternary
Refers to the structure of a protein macromolecule formed by interactions between multiple polypeptide chains

12. PROTEIN STRUCTURES

13. Each enzyme has an active site which is the part of the molecule that a substrate binds to.
A substrate is a reactant that binds to the active site of an enzyme

14. Enzyme

15. How does the substrate bind?

16. The active site of an enzyme is specific to its substrate
The active site is typically a pocket or groove on the surface of the protein.

18. Substrate
Enzyme Active Site
Enzyme
Enzyme – Substrate Complex

19. A different enzyme is needed for almost every chemical reaction in your body.
A single enzyme can catalyze thousands or more reactions a second.

20. Enzymes are responsible for metabolism (sum of all chemical reactions in the body).
Anabolic reactions- build-up (synthesize) molecules and require energy.
(Dehydration Synthesis)
Catabolic reactions- break-down (lyse) and release energy. (Hydrolysis)

21. Examples of Enzymes: Remember, enzymes usually end in -ase.
Each enzyme is the specific helper to a specific reaction

22. Lipase: breaks down lipids
Catalase: breaks Hydrogen Peroxide down into water and oxygen.
Protease: breaks down proteins.
Sucrase: breaks down sucrose.
Amylase: in human saliva, breaks down starch (amylose).
DNA polymerase builds DNA

23. How do enzymes work?

24. Most reactions in a cell require very high temperatures to get going, which would denature (kill) the cell.

25. The energy needed to start a chemical reaction is called the activation energy.
Enzymes lower the activation energy needed for a reaction to begin.
Enzymes are specific & unique to only one reaction.

29. What affects an enzyme?

30. IT’S SHAPE THAT MATTERS!
Proteins do their jobs, because of their shape
Unfolding a protein destroys its shape
wrong shape = can’t do its job
unfolding proteins = “denature”
unfolded “denatured”
In Biology,
it’s not the size,
it’s the SHAPE that matters!
folded

31. Enzymes can be affected by the following:
Temperature
Substrate Concentration pH

32. Temperature Effects:
If an enzyme is not at its optimal (best) temperature, it will become denatured.
Human enzymes have an optimal temperature of around 37 degrees C.

33. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON ENZYME ACTIVITY

34. Substrate Concentration Effects:
When all enzymes have their active sites filled with substrates, it’s called enzyme saturation.
At this point, the reaction rate stays constant until more enzymes are added
Use Bus Analogy: there are only so many seats in a bus… once all seats are taken, the bus is saturated with kids. At this point, no more students can get in until more seats (enzymes) are added.

35. THE EFFECT OF SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION ON ENZYME ACTIVITY

36. pH Effects: Changes in pH changes the protein’s shape (denatures it)
Most human enzymes = pH 6-8
The enzyme pepsin in the stomach is most active in acidic environments ranging from a pH of

37. EFFECT OF PH ON ENZYME ACTIVITY

38. Inhibition
Enzyme inhibitors are molecules that interact in some way with an enzyme to prevent it from working in the normal manner.
Ex. poisons and drugs
The 2 types of inhibitors are:
1. Competitive
2. Non-competitive
Use Bus Analogy: there are only so many seats in a bus… once all seats are taken, the bus is saturated with kids. At this point, no more students can get in until more seats (enzymes) are added.

39. Competitive Inhibitors
Use Bus Analogy: there are only so many seats in a bus… once all seats are taken, the bus is saturated with kids. At this point, no more students can get in until more seats (enzymes) are added.

40. Non-Competitive Inhibitors
Use Bus Analogy: there are only so many seats in a bus… once all seats are taken, the bus is saturated with kids. At this point, no more students can get in until more seats (enzymes) are added.