1. Enzymes: “Helper” Protein molecules

2. Chemical reactions of life
Processes of life
building molecules
synthesis
breaking down molecules
digestion + +

3. Nothing works without enzymes!
How important are enzymes?
all chemical reactions in living organisms require enzymes to work
building molecules
synthesis enzymes
breaking down molecules
digestive enzymes
enzymes speed up reactions, they are REUSABLE“catalysts”
enzyme +
enzyme
We can’t live without enzymes! +

4. Enzymes A protein catalyst
Enzymes are important proteins found in living things. An enzyme is a protein that changes the rate of a chemical reaction.
They speed metabolic reactions.
Usually end in –ASE

5. Examples
synthesis
enzyme +
digestion
enzyme +

6. Enzymes are proteins
Each enzyme is the specific helper to a specific reaction
each enzyme needs to be the right shape for the job
enzymes are named for the reaction they help
sucrase breaks down sucrose
proteases breakdown proteins
lipases breakdown lipids
DNA polymerase builds DNA
Oh, I get it!
They end in -ase

7. Enzymes are used all over the body!

9. Enzymes aren’t used up Enzymes are not changed by the reaction
used only temporarily
re-used again for the same reaction with other molecules
very little enzyme needed to help in many reactions
substrate
product
active site
enzyme

10. It’s shape that matters!
Lock & Key model
shape of protein allows enzyme & substrate to fit
specific enzyme for each specific reaction
(Think back to our power point on Maltase)

11. Lock and Key Model

12. Lock and Key S E Enzyme may be used again Enzyme-substrate complex P
Reaction coordinate

13. 2 1 3

14. Enzyme vocabulary Enzyme Substrate Products Active site
helper protein molecule
Substrate
molecule that enzymes work on
Products
what the enzyme helps produce from the reaction
Active site
part of enzyme that substrate molecule fits into

15. Enzyme- Substrate Complex
The substance (reactant) an enzyme acts on is the substrate Substrate joins
Enzyme

16. Active site
A restricted region of an enzyme molecule which binds to the substrate.
Active Site
Enzyme
Substrate

17. Induced Fit A change in the shape of an enzyme’s active site
Induced by the substrate

18. Induced Fit
A change in the configuration of an enzyme’s active site (H+ and ionic bonds are involved).
Induced by the substrate.
Enzyme
Active Site
substrate

19. Activation Energy

20. Enzymes Lower Activation Energy

21. What affects enzyme action
Correct protein structure
correct order of amino acids
why? enzyme has to be right shape
Temperature
(High Temps may denature the enzyme) (UNFOLD)
pH (acids & bases)
Substrate concentration

22. Order of amino acids Wrong order = wrong shape = can’t do its job! DNA
folded protein
chain of amino acids
DNA
right shape!
folded protein
chain of amino acids
DNA
wrong shape!

23. Temperature Effect on rates of enzyme activity Optimum temperature
greatest number of collisions between enzyme & substrate
human enzymes
35°- 40°C (body temp = 37°C)
Raise temperature (boiling)
denature protein = unfold = lose shape
Lower temperature T°
molecules move slower
fewer collisions between enzyme & substrate

24. Temperature 37° human enzymes reaction rate temperature
What’s happening here?!
37°
reaction rate
temperature

25. pH Effect on rates of enzyme activity
changes in pH changes protein shape~ Denatures
most human enzymes = pH 6-8
depends on where in body
pepsin (stomach) = pH 3
trypsin (small intestines) = pH 8

26. pH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 stomach pepsin intestines trypsin
What’s happening here?!
reaction rate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 pH

27. Substrate concentration

28. Concentration

29. For enzymes… What matters?
SHAPE!