1. Major Structures of the Forebrain

2. “Limbic” System Memory and Hippocampus Hypothalamus and Amygdala
Saul Kassin, Psychology. Copyright © 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Reprinted by permission.

3. Hippocampus Involved in other forms of learning
smaller in depressed patients
adult neurogenesis
exercise-induced neurogenesis

4. Hippocampus
Morris
Water
Maze

5. Water Maze Results
Return to Limbic

6. Hypothalamus 4 Fs (fight, fleeing, feeding,…)
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (biological clock)
24 hour process
reset by light
linked to homosexuality/bisexuality in males (much larger)
Portal to the pituitary “master” gland
CRH, corticotropic releasing hormone
ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone
Adrenals, cortisol

8. LeDoux

9. High Road

10. Substantia Nigra
Hindbrain

11. Parkinson’s Disease

12. Treatments
Levodopa (diminishing effects over time)

13. Treatments
Thalamotomy

14. Treatments
Deep Electrical Brain Stimulation

15. More Midbrain Superior colliculus-visual switchboard
eye movements
Inferior colliculus-auditory switchboard
Return

16. Cerebellum
Little Brain (motor programs)
Punch Drunk
Alcoholism

17. Medulla and Reticular Formation
heart rate, breathing, blood pressure
Reticular Formation
arousal

18. Cerveau isolaté (comatose)
Encephale isolaté (normal cycles)
Midpontine (always awake)

19. Small Molecule Neurotransmitters

20. Other Classes of Neurotransmitters

21. Methods: Human Brain
See table 2.1 in 3/e text, p.58

22. EEG Electroencephalogram
Technique: Multiple electrodes are pasted to outside of head.
What it shows: A single line that charts the summated electrical fields resulting from the activity of billions of neurons.

23. EEG

24. EEG (cont’d) Advantages Disadvantages
Detects very rapid changes in electrical activity.
Disadvantages
Very poor localization of the source of electrical activity.

25. PET Positron Emission Tomography
Technique: Active areas take up radioactive substances.
What it shows: What brain areas are most active during a specified period of time (e.g., 30 seconds).

26. PET

27. PET (cont’d) Advantages Disadvantages
Allows brain in action studies (functional).
Provides visual image corresponding to anatomy.
Disadvantages
Exposure to low levels of radioactivity.
Better localization than EEG, but poorer than that of MRI.
Cannot follow rapid changes (faster than 30 seconds).

28. MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Technique: Exposes the brain to magnetic field and measures radio frequency waves.
What it shows:
MRI high resolution image of brain anatomy
fMRI shows changes in blood flow over time.
DTI shows water flow in neural fibers.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging © Dan McCoy

29. Advantages of MRI Disadvantages
Provides a lovely photograph-like picture.
fMRI gives an “action shot”
Disadvantages
fMRI “action shot” is the world’s slowest video camera

30. The Endocrine System: Coordinating the Internal World
How can my hormones help me in a crisis?

31. Some Major Glands of the Endocrine System