1. Introduction to Biology
Chapter 1

2. Biology is the study of LIFE!

3. Big Ideas and Recurring Principles
Umbrella Concepts
Big Ideas and Recurring Principles

4. Big Ideas in AP Biology
Big Idea 1: The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life.

6. Organizing Life’s Diversity
Making sense out of the diversity
Hierarchical scheme
AP Link—

7. “Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution.”
— Theodosius Dobzhansky

8. Evolution
core theme of biology
Charles Darwin

9. Evolution evolutionary adaptation is a product of natural selection
Organisms don’t adapt; Organisms have adaptations.

10. Unity & Diversity Dual aspects of life on earth Unity Diversity
What do organisms have in common?
Why do similarities exist?
Diversity
What differences are there between organisms?
ANY Thoughts??

11. Evolution explains unity & diversity
common biochemistry & physiology
evolutionary relationships
connected through common ancestor
Diversity
natural selection
adaptations allow different individuals to survive in different environments

12. Big Ideas in AP Biology
Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to reproduce and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.

13. Energy Transfer Entropy rules! life is an open system
organisms continuously interact with the environment
stuff comes in stuff goes out
energy is used
Entropy rules!

14. Energy Transfer

15. Levels of organization

16. Form follows function
structure & function are correlated at all levels of biological organization

17. Big Ideas in AP Biology
Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit and respond to information essential to life processes.

18. Continuity & Change
Continuity of life is based on heritable information in the form of DNA
DNA – the genetic material – carries biological information from 1 generation to the next

19. Which science is growing the fastest in new knowledge?
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY!!
Genomics & proteomics projects are driving research

20. Big Ideas in AP Biology
Big Idea 4: Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties.

21. Regulation
Organisms need to maintain a “steady state” in the face of changing conditions
Homeostasis
achieve this through feedback
monitor the body like a thermostat
turn on when it’s needed, off when its not

22. Interdependence
no organism is an island standing alone

23. Science, Technology & Society
science & technology must function within the framework of society
bioethics

24. Themes Science as a process of inquiry Evolution Energy transfer
AP Biology
Themes
Science as a process of inquiry
questioning & investigation
Evolution
Energy transfer
Continuity & Change
Relationship of structure to function
Regulation
Interdependence in nature
Science, technology & society

25. The Scientific Method & Experimental Design

26. What is Inquiry?
Begins with observations you make about the natural world, followed by a question.
What is causing that?
Use a variety of methods to answer the questions you raise
Lab & field investigations, models, simulations, data sets
Scientific method of investigation is cyclic, not linear…why?

27. The Scientific Method:
Make Observation
Statement of problem, ask a question
Hypothesis: propose a tentative answer
Design & conduct an experiment
(Use quantifiable data  math is extremely important)
Use statistical tests to evaluate the significance of your results
(Χ2 test, null hypothesis)
Acceptance or rejection of hypothesis.

29. Data Are recorded observations Can be quantitative or qualitative
Figure 1.24

30. The Role of Hypotheses in Inquiry
In science, a hypothesis
Is a tentative answer to a well-framed question, an explanation on trial
Makes predictions that can be tested

31. We all use hypotheses in solving everyday problems
Observations
Questions
Hypothesis # 1: Dead batteries
Hypothesis # 2: Burnt-out bulb
Prediction:
Replacing batteries
will fix problem
Replacing bulb
Test prediction
Test does not falsify hypothesis
Test falsifies hypothesis
Figure 1.25
We all use hypotheses in solving everyday problems

32. A Closer Look at Hypotheses in Scientific Inquiry
A scientific hypothesis must have two important qualities
It must be testable
It must have the potential of being rejected
"No amount of experimentation can ever prove me right, one single experiment can prove me wrong."
--- Albert Einstein.

33. Designing Controlled Experiments
In controlled experiments we start with two (or more) groups that are as similar as possible and we devise a method to manipulate only ONE variable.
Independent Variable =the variable that is manipulated
Dependent Variable = the response that is measured

34. Null Hypothesis
The premise that any observed differences are simply the result of random differences
When quantified observations, or data, are collected, statistical methods are used to calculate the likelihood that the null hypothesis is correct.

35. Experiments
Most mammals, like those who attacked the artificial snake shown in the figure below, cannot see color. With this idea in mind, choose the experiment that would best test whether the color of the artificial snakes were important.

36. Choose the experiment that would best test whether the color of the artificial snakes were important.
Compare attack rates on red-black-white ringed artificial snakes to attack rates on black-brown-white ringed artificial snakes in areas without coral snakes.
Measure attack rates on black-brown-white ringed snakes in areas with many coral snakes.
Compare attack rates on black-brown-white striped artificial snakes to attack rates on black-brown-white ringed artificial snakes in areas with many coral snakes.
Compare attack rates on black-brown-white ringed artificial snakes to attack rates on plain brown artificial snakes in areas with many coral snakes.
Compare attack rates on red-black-white ringed artificial snakes to attack rates on black-brown-white artificial snakes in areas with many coral snakes.
Answer: e
This question is designed to make students think about experimental design. To have meaning, an experiment to test the proposed question should compare colored (red-black-white) to black-brown-white models and the experiment should be conducted in an area with coral snakes. Answer a is wrong because the question is only relevant in areas where there are coral snakes. Answer b is wrong because there needs to be a comparison, not just a measurement. Answer c is wrong because two variables (color and ring/stripe) are being manipulated simultaneously and so the cause of any differences could not be distinguished. Answer d is not the best because there is no difference in color; however, this would be a reasonable experiment to conduct and would test for the effect of rings, though not effect of color. Answer e is the best because it compares color differences in an area with coral snakes.