Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
1
Integumentary- skin Skeletal- bones Muscular- muscles
Systems of the Body Integumentary- skin Skeletal- bones Muscular- muscles
2
The Integumentary System
3
Skin- The largest organ in the body; outer covering of the human body
-we are composed of lbs of skin 3 Main Functions: Protection water tight covering protects internal organs and tissues first line of defense (bacteria) protects against UV Rays Temperature Control/Regulation How? 3. Sensory Organ Which one?
4
The Skin has 3 Main Layers
Epidermis- outer, thinner layer - Dead cells make up this layer; slough off New cells rise to the surface - Melanin- gives skin its color; the more the skin has, the darker the skin; production increases with exposure to the sun, resulting in a tan -melanin helps protect the skin from UV rays
6
3. Subcutaneous layer- innermost
2. Dermis- middle layer of skin, thick Gives skin its elastic, spongy quality; as you age the elasticity increases, causing wrinkles sebaceous glands- produce oil called sebum, prevents skin from drying out sweat glands- regulate body temperature; we sweat through pores hair- for protection and warmth; there are 100, ,000 on the head; roots grow out of follicle in the dermis 3. Subcutaneous layer- innermost -Under the dermis; body fat
7
Skin Problems 1. acne- caused by pores that are clogged, mostly during adolescence; hormones (one example: menstrual cycle) cause an increase in oil production which encourages bacteria growth; there are more oil glands on the face than any other part of the body Prevention – keep skin clean; wash with warm water 2. athlete’s foot- fungus between toes to prevent to use powder, keep the area dry, change socks and shoes; contagious – use sandals in locker room 3. warts- caused by a virus; most are harmless, but may spread 4. moles- dark brown spots, usually harmless (exception: skin cancer- stay tuned)
8
5. blister- fluid under skin caused by friction; if open, care for it to prevent infection – clean thoroughly, use donut or bandage 6. callus- thickened skin 7. abrasion- scrape 8. contusion- bruise 9. laceration- deep cut caused by a sharp object; usually jagged - Stitches within 6-8 hours of a cut 10. avulsion- tearing away of body part or body tissue 11. incision- straight, precise cut (Dr– scalpel) 12. puncture- deep hole caused by a sharp, narrow object; high risk of infection - Examples- stepping on a nail, ear piercing, etc.
10
Hair Problems 1. dandruff- flaking of outer layer of dead skin on scalp 2. lice- insects that feed on blood; may be spread
11
Skin Cancer and Premature Aging
Cutting off isn’t always a cure/solution; may travel beneath the skin
12
Benign vs. Malignant the only way to know for sure: dermatologist
18
Melanoma– Check your skin!
19
Prevention is always better than treatment! Source: skincancer.org
Seek the shade, especially between 10 AM and 4 PM. Do not burn. Avoid tanning and UV tanning beds. Cover up with clothing, including a broad-brimmed hat and UV-blocking sunglasses. Use a broad spectrum (UVA/UVB) sunscreen with an SPF of 15 or higher every day. For extended outdoor activity, use a water-resistant, broad spectrum (UVA/UVB) sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher. Apply 1 ounce (2 tablespoons) of sunscreen to your entire body 30 minutes before going outside. Reapply every two hours or immediately after swimming or excessive sweating. Keep newborns out of the sun. Sunscreens should be used on babies over the age of six months. Examine your skin head-to-toe every month. See your physician every year for a professional skin exam.
20
The Skeletal System
21
Functions: 2 Parts of the skeleton:
Strong, stable framework for the body Allows for muscle to attach and move Protects internal organs (ribs, skull, eye orbit) Store minerals (calcium and phosphate) Bone marrow produces blood cells (all RBC, most WBC and platelets) 2 Parts of the skeleton: 1. Axial - head to torso (80 bones of skull, spine, ribs, sternum); “Axis” 2. Appendicular- limbs (126 bones of shoulders, arms, hands, hips, legs, feet); “Appendages”
22
4 Types of Bones 1. long- arms and legs; have a shaft in middle of two ends; contain bone marrow; (ex: femur) 2. short- as long as they are wide (wrist and ankles) 3. flat- thin, flat shape; usually protect organs (ribs, skull, scapula) 4. irregular- don’t fit in any other category (vertebrae) Cartilage- strong, flexible connective tissue gets brittle with age (Glucosamine/Chondroitin Complex) lines surface of joints to move smoothly cushions joints (vertebrae); “shock absorbers” supports nose and ears baby’s skeleton mostly cartilage, but changes to bone through ossification- bone is formed and repaired (fractures)
23
Long Bone
24
Cartilage
25
Joint- where two bones meet
7 Types of Joints Joint- where two bones meet 1.Ball and socket- allow most movement (hip, shoulder) 2. Pivot- rotation (1st two vertebrae of neck) 3. Ellipsoidal- oval shaped bone into curved space; wide range of motion except pivotal (wrist and ankle) 4. Saddle- closely related to ellipsoidal (thumb) 5. Hinge- bending and straightening only (fingers, knees, elbows) 6. Gliding- only slight movement (vertebrae, hands, feet) 7. Fixed- fused together; no movement (skull)
26
Hand & Foot
27
Type of Joint: ________________
28
Knee joint
29
Shoulder
32
Wrist
33
Thumb
37
Joint Movements Flexion – bending Extension – straightening Abduction – away from midline Adduction – toward midline Rotation – turning around axis Supination – palm up Pronation – palm down Circumduction – limb in circle Ligament- Connects bone to bone (MCL, ACL, etc) Tendon- Connects muscle to bone
39
Injuries Fracture- Any break in a bone (heals through ossification) - Stress Fracture – unstable; usually from overuse
40
Injuries continued Dislocation- Bone leaves its normal position in the joint(usually also a tearing of the ligaments-sprain) Arthritis- Inflammation of a joint (pain, swelling, stiffness); Osteoarthritis- most common type, from wear and tear on joints (in elderly) -Unlike the wear-and-tear damage of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis affects the lining of your joints, causing a painful swelling that can eventually result in bone erosion and joint deformity.
42
Osteoporosis- Decreased bone density, bones become more brittle
43
Osteoporosis
44
Function: Three different functions
The Muscular System Function: Three different functions 1. Cardiac - in the walls of the heart; very durable beats/minute average; the more fit you are the slower the resting heart rate- why? 2. Smooth - internal organs (ex: digestive system) 3. Skeletal - attached to bones to produce movement more than 600 in the body most have antagonistic/opposing pairs; one side contracts while the other side relaxes Tendon- strong, fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone
45
Three types of muscles
46
“Use it or lose it” - atrophy- wasting away of muscle/decrease in size if not used; happens very quickly - muscle tone- natural tension in a muscle; must be active and exercise to maintain; the more a muscle is used, the stronger and more efficient it will become (heart) - hypertrophy- enlargement of a muscle due to training “hyper” –over, above, excessive “troph” –growth, development
47
Hypertrophy vs. Atrophy
48
Common Injuries Contusion - bruise Strain- tearing or overstretching
of a muscle or tendon; “pulled muscle” Tendonitis- inflammation of a tendon, usually overuse “itis” – inflammation of (Latin) Spasm/cramp- involuntary contraction of a muscle -causes: dehydration, fatigue, or trauma/injury -treatment: stretch, drink more water, massage
49
Muscle Soreness- from overexertion; pain and stiffness/tenderness in muscle DOMS- Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness -usually begins about 12 hours after activity and is the most intense after 48 hours -Monday workout = Wednesday DOMS (ouch)
50
Hernia- protrusion of organ/tissue through weak area in muscle (abdominal – intestines go through abdominal wall) What Causes Hernias? a combination of pressure and an opening or weakness of muscle; the pressure pushes an organ or tissue through the opening or weak spot. Anything that causes an increase in pressure in the abdomen can cause a hernia, including: -Lifting heavy objects without stabilizing the abdominal muscles -Diarrhea or constipation -Persistent coughing or sneezing
51
Name the muscle (or muscle group) that performs these movements Hip Extension – Shoulder Abduction (abduct= away) – Ankle Extension – Elbow Extension – Knee Flexion – Knee Extension – Trunk/Torso Flexion – Elbow Flexion -
52
Hip Extension
53
Shoulder Abduction
54
Ankle Extension
55
Elbow Extension
56
Knee Flexion
57
Knee Extension
58
Trunk/Torso Flexion
59
Elbow Flexion
Similar presentations
© 2025 SlidePlayer.com Inc.
All rights reserved.