1. Introduction to Sociology
Henry Tischler
9th Edition

2. Sociological Perspective
Main goal is to understand social situations
Look for repeating patterns in society
Main focus is the group not the individual
Broaden your perspective on the world

3. Sociological Perspective
It is the process of looking at all types of human behavior patterns and discerning previously unseen connections among them.
C Wright Mills – the relationship between individual experiences and forces in the larger society that shape our actions.

4. Sociological Perspective
Personal troubles vs. Public Issues
Unemployment
100,000 and 1 man is unemployed – trouble
50 million employees and 15 million are unemployed –issue
Marriage
Marriage problems between spouses - trouble
Divorce rate during first 4 years is 250 out of 1,000 - issue

5. Industrial Revolution
1712 Gabriel Fahrenheit – patents atmospheric steam engine
1769 James Watts –invents improved steam engine
1775 Jacques Perrier invents steamship
1791 John Barber invents gas turbine
1858 Jean Lenior – internal combustion engine
1876 Nicolaus A Otto-4 stroke internal combustion engine

6. Industrial Revolution
1776 – Adam Smith – Wealth of Nations
Sociologists – Europe
Auguste’ Comte –
Karl Marx
Herbert Spencer (Social Darwinism)
Emile Durkheim
Max Weber

7. Beginnings of Sociology
America
University of Kansas 1890
University of Chicago 1892
Atlanta University (all –black college) 1897
Jane Adams-Hull House-Nobel Peace Price
G.Herbert Mead
W.E.B.Du Bois
C. Wright Mills

8. Structural-Functionism Approach
A framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together .
Social structure – any relatively stable pattern of social behavior.
Social institutions – subsystem created to meet societies needs
Functions - body
Manifest functions – intended functions
Latent functions – unintended functions
Dysfunctions – negative disruptive elements

9. S-F Approach Manifest functions – Family (pg 349) Latent functions
Socialization
Regulation of sexual activity
Social placement
Latent functions
Love
Dysfunctions
Family violence, divorce

10. Social-Conflict Approach
Marx – a frame work for building theory that sees society as an area of inequality that generates conflict and change.
focus on social pattern that benefits some people while hurting others
Highlights how factors such as class, race, ethnicity, gender and age are linked to inequality.

11. Symbolic -Interactionism
A framework for building theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals.
Focus on how people shape their “reality” through their perceptions of what is going on around them.
Tattoos
Dating

13. Socialization Chapter 3
Sociology 200
Socialization
Chapter 3

14. Jean Piaget Cognitive development
Sensorimotor Stage – individuals experience their world through their senses
Preoperational Stage – level where individuals first use language and other symbols. Cannot judge weight, size, or volume.

15. Jean Piaget
Concrete Operational Stage – development level where individuals first perceive casual connections in their surroundings.
Example of “birthday” and date
Formal Operation Stage – level of development where individuals think abstractly and critically.
Example of metaphors

16. Lawrence Kohlberg Moral Reasoning –
Piagets Sensorimotor stage = Preconventional level of moral development. i.e. “rightness” amounts to “what feels good to me.”
Piagets Formal Stage = Conventional stage where young adults shed their selfishness as they learn to define right and wrong in terms what pleases parents and conforms to cultural norms.
Post conventional stage – individuals move past society’s norms to consider abstract ethical concerns.

17. George Herbert Mead
Self - that part of an individuals personality composed of self-awareness and self-image.
Self develops only with social experience. Interactions with others vs. isolation
Social experience is the exchange of symbols. Humans find meaning in action by imagining people’s underlying actions.
To understand intention you must imagine a situation from the other’s point of view –Taking the Role of the Other.

18. George Herbert Mead Taking the Role of the Other
Significant Others – Parents or Caretakers
Imitation – children mimic behavior without understanding the intention. Infants
Play - self emerges when children start assuming the roles of their parents/caretakers. Imagine the world form the parents view of view.
Generalized Others – society
Games – child starts to learn the widespread norms and values
Baseball

19. Charles Horton Cooley
Looking Glass Self – a self-image how we think others see us.
Child has an image of their self (loveable)
Child reflects the image onto society (like a “mirror”) Society may reflect a different view
Child will then review their ‘self-worth” base on what society sees.

20. Eric H. Erikson 8 Stages of Development-Challenges
Stage 1- Infancy; Trust vs. Mistrust
Stage 2- Toddler; Autonomy vs. doubt/shame
Stage 3- Pre-school; Initiative vs. guilt
Stage 4- Pre-adolescence; Industriousness vs. inferiority
Stage 5- Adolescence; Gaining identity vs. confusion
Stage 6- Young Adulthood; Intimacy vs. isolation
Stage 7-Middle hood; Making a difference vs. self-absorption
Stage 8- Old age; Integrity vs. despair

21. Agents of Socialization
Family
School
Mass media
Peers

22. Socialization
Resocialization - radically changing a person’s personality by carefully controlling the environment around them.
Total institutions – a setting where people are isolated from the rest of society and are manipulated by an administrative staff.
Breakdown
Rebuild