1. Unit V- Agriculture and Rural Land Use

4. Impact of Seed Agriculture
Increases population dramatically
Leads to emigration throughout the rest of the world
Social stratification
Specialization of labor
Creation of governments
Increased competition for land and resources

5. 2nd Agricultural Revolution (late 16th century-19th century)
Began in England
2nd Stage of DTM – fewer positive checks on population growth
Major Changes in Agriculture:
Switch to the 4 field system
Enclosure system
Forces peasants off the land
Increases livestock
Mechanization of farming
Successfully marketed iron plough
Steam Engine  Tractors
Selective breeding
It was a system that made farming more efficient. Prior to enclosure anybody could use the land and hence concentrated agriculture was impossible. By fencing off the land and entrusting it to one person, the fields could be put to better use. 

6. Effects of 2nd Agricultural Revolution
More food grown to meet demands of growing population (also causes more population growth)
Encourages urbanization 
Growth of cities (food produced sent to cities)
(primogeniture laws - succession passes from generation to generation)
Industrial Revolution  Colonization
Huge market for crops
Improvements in transportation
Steam ships
Railroads
Both help transport farm goods over farther distances
Subsistence farming  Commercial farming/monoculture

7. Monoculture vs. Intertillage
Core countries…
Have regions with monoculture:
one single crop (and usually 1 species of crop) grown
Disease can wipe out HUGE food supply (Potato Famine)
Developed colonies with one cash crop
Forces peripheral countries to import food  huge debt
Must rely on world demand for money
One bad season can destroy the economy
Peripheral countries with INTENSIVE land use
Practice intertillage  crops grown between other crops
Depletes nutrients quickly

8. Derwent Whittlesey’s 11 Agricultural Regions
What is the difference between extensive farming and intensive farming?
Commercial Gardening and Fruit Farming - Extensive
Dairy Farming – Extensive
Grain Farming – Extensive
Livestock Ranching – Extensive
Mediterranean Farming – Extensive
Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming – Extensive
Not Wet Rice - Intensive
Pastorial Nomadism – Extensive
Plantation Farming
Shifting Cultivation
Wet Rice Dominant – Intensive

9. Types of Subsistence Farming
1. Pastoral Nomadism (Pastoralism)(.25% world pop.) – found in deserts of North Africa, Middle East and Central Asia
Depend primarily on animals for survival NOT crops
Animals provide milk/blood (food), skin (shelter/clothing), and hair (clothing)
Milk traded for grain
Some crops grown on the side by women and children (Sedentary Farming)
Animals usually NOT slaughtered
Size of herd = social class
Select type of animal based on physical and cultural traits
Camel more suited for Middle East
Central Asians prefer horses
Sheep, reindeer, goats, huskies, etc. also used

10. Pastoral Nomadism Cyclical migration patterns Future?
Based on available resources
VERY territorial
Some Nomads practice transhumance
seasonal migration between mountain pasture (in summer) and lowland pastures (in winter)
Future?
Less and less pastoral nomads
Conflict with established govt over territory  impact of boundaries
Most will eventually lack the necessary land and resources to sustain life

11. Types of Subsistence Agriculture
2. Shifting Cultivation (aka “Slash-and-burn, agriculture”) (5% of world pop) –
Farmer cuts down vegetation
Burn the plants for added nutrients to the soil
Intensively use “SWIDDEN” (cleared land) for a few years (until all the nutrients are gone)
Then leave land fallow (nothing planted) so soil can recover
Repeat process in a new area

12. Shifting Cultivation
Found mostly in tropics and subtropics (rainforest of SA, Africa, and SE Asia)
Crops grown in concentric circles
1st circle = sweet potatoes and yams
Next circles = corn and rice, manioc, and more yams
Last circle = Papaya, banana, pineapple, mango, cotton, beans, etc. (most fertile nutrients in soil from leaves of trees)
Often uses “Intertillage” (grow between the rows)
Environmental dispute – good or bad use of land?
Nutrients depleted from soil VERY quickly
Destroys rainforest  global warming
Many peoples moving away from Shifting Agriculture  logging, cattle herding, growing cash crops

13. Types of Subsistence Farming
3-4 Intensive Subsistence Farming (wet rice dominant vs. non-wet rice dominant)
High agricultural density
People maximize labor & expense to increase output on available farm land = “intensive”
(“Extensive” = use of large areas of land to farm with minimum labor and expense)
“Double cropping” = Obtaining 2 harvest from 1 field in 1 yr.  very intensive

14. 3. Wet Rice Dominant (Intensive Subsistence)
Located mostly in Asia (India, Eastern China, SE Asia)
Relies on heavy wet season in summer for rice to grow
Too little rain a problem
Too much rain a problem
Step 1: Plant rice in a dry field
Step 2: Transplant rice to a flooded field = “sawah” (not “paddy”)
Step 3: Harvest rice
Step 4: Enjoy a yummy rice dish

15. 4. Non-Wet-Rice Dominant
Places that are too dry for wet rice…
(mostly found in river valleys of Middle East, Europe and Africa)
Wheat and barley important substitutes
Double cropping used through skilled crop rotation… again, very intensive

16. 5. Plantation Farming Practiced in LDCs; Owned by MDCs
Plantation = large farm produces 1-2 cash crops (Found in Central America, Coastal SA, Caribbean Islands)
Ex. Cotton, sugarcane, coffee, rubber, tobacco
Consumed in MDCs due to large demand for goods

17. Types of Commercial Farming
1. Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming
Found in Central Eastern United States, Northwest/Northeast Central Europe
Most $$$ comes from livestock
Sale of milk
Sale of meat
Sale of eggs
Crops
Provide income during harvest
Provide food for livestock
Spreads workload over the year; provides income throughout the year
Crop rotation very important

18. Crop Rotation Needed to maintain fertile soil… changes over time
5th Century A.D. – 2 field system
One field 4 cereal grain (wheat, oats, barley, etc.)
One field fallow (not used)
8th Century – 3 fields increases harvest by 17%
One had a winter cereal
One had a spring cereal
One fallow
18th Century – 4 fields increases harvest by 8%
One for a root crop (turnips, potatoes, etc.)
One for a “rest crop” (clover) which restores nutrients and provides food for animals
One for a winter cereal
One for a spring cereal

19. 2. Commercial Gardening and Fruit Farming = “Truck Farming”
U.S. Southeast (mostly Florida)
Sell for human consumption
Consumer vegetables and fruits i.e. apples, asparagus, tomatoes, peaches, lettuce, etc.
Large processors for canning/freezing (most crops used for this)
Labor costs low  use migrant workers & dependent on machinery
Specialty farming in NE = growing high end produce for affluent people
e.g. asparagus, mushrooms, peppers, organic produce

20. Types of Commercia Farming
3. Dairy farming
Located around large urban areas (Northeast/north Central United States, North Europe, New Zealand)
“Milkshed”
Originally limited to short distances
New technology moves milk up to 300 miles away
Farther away from urban area  more likely to sell butter, cheese, etc.
# of dairy farmers decreasing
Too much work
Too expensive to do
Output of milk is going up  increased yields per cow

21. Types of Commerical Farming
4. Grain Farming
Food grown primarily for humans NOT for livestock (Grown for sale to manufacturers not for immediate consumption)
Wheat very imp. Crop
Winter wheat – planted in fall and harvested in beginning of summer
Spring wheat – planted in spring and harvested in late summer
Harvests increasingly mechanized
1830s – McCormick reaper
Today – Harvesting Combine
Wheat = world’s leading export crop
U.S., Australia, & Canada top 3 (Russia as well)
North America = “world’s bread basket”

22. 5. Mediterranean Agriculture
Location:
Area around Med. Sea
Southern Cali.
SW South Africa
SW Australia
Crops grown for human consumption
Focus on Horticulture
Horticulture = growing of fruits, vegetables, flowers & tree crops
Grapes and olives most imp. crops around Med.
Southern Cali focuses on citrus fruits, tree nuts, and deciduous fruits
Importance of value added – cooking oils, wine..

23. 6. Livestock Ranching
Commercial grazing of livestock over a large area (Western United States, high plains of South America, Central Australia
“Cowboys” used to move livestock closer railroads so they could be transported to market
Chisholm Trail (Texas to Kansas) most famous route taken
Originally, cattle grazed on open lands
Now, cattle graze in fixed areas (usually land too dry for crops)

24. Von Thunen’s Model
Focuses on HOW land is used and WHY land is used the way it is
Focuses on 3 variables:
1. Value of product
2. Price of land = “land rent” or “bid rent” (refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases.) Different land users will compete with one another for land close to the city center.)
3. Transportation
Costs
Perishability
Assumptions
Uniformity of land (isotropic)
No government interference
No obstacles to transportation
No social factors in choosing the product

26. Access to Markets
The distance from the farm to the market influences to choice of crop to plant
Dairy farming is a good example because milk spoils
The Von Thunen model states that a commercial farmers initially considers which crops to cultivate and which animals to raise based on market location
The model shows that a commercial farmer must combine two sets of monetary values to determine the most profitable crop
The value of the yield per hectare
The cost of transporting the yield per hectare

27. Application of Von Thunen
In his experiences in Northern German in the early nineteenth century, he found that specific crops were grown in different rings around the cities
Market-oriented gardens and milk producers (perishable)
Wood lots – timber for fuel and construction (heavy)
Varieties of crops – rotated from year to year
Outer ring was almost exclusively devoted to animal grazing (lots of space needed)
This model is accurate on a national or global scale today

28. Von Thunen’s Model

29. Von Thunen Applicability
Explained cities during/after 2nd Agricultural Revolution
Today
Refrigeration & Improvements in transportation kill the model’s use in the cities of the core
Strawberries from California in Atlanta
Clementines from Chile
Rubenstein argues applies to the world as a whole
“City” replaced by “core”
Rings represent larger distances around the core
Is it still applicable
Yes = growth of many products coming in from periphery where land values are cheap
No = Government subsidizes farmers so they can compete w/ peripheral goods, other barriers to trade
Application in the periphery
Can’t afford refrigeration and other preservative technology
Model still applies

30. Green Revolution Goal? End World Hunger
When? Post WWII through 1960s
Who? Rockefeller & Ford Foundation & Core. Norman Borlaug – Texas A & M
Where? Mexico, Phil., India (to help prevent communism from spreading)
How? New “miracle seeds” = Wheat and “Golden Rice”
HYVs (very prolific), short growing seasons, drought/disease/pest resistant
Use of modern fertilizer & pesticides
Well construction & Modern pumps
Irrigation methods
Mechanization (tractor…)

31. Green Revolution Success or Failure?
Problems (Malthus)
Salinization
Top soil loss  desertification?
Capital intensive – terminator seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, etc.
Super pests
Run off
Mechanization decreased need for workers
Sustainability??????

32. Green Revolution Success or Failure?
Positives (Boserup)
Positive way to deal with increasing pop. pressure
Higher yield crops
Esp. the Big Four: Rice, wheat, corn, and potato
Crops that grow in unnatural conditions

33. 3rd Agriculture Revolution (U.S. and Europe mostly – happening now)
1. EXTREME mechanization
Less labor needed (lower costs)
Use of satellite imagery (GIS)
Farm jobs now mostly air-conditioned
2. Chemical farming
Synthetic fertilizers
Pesticides
To eliminate unwanted, problematic threats to plants
Ex. Herbicides, Fungicides, Insecticides
HUGE environmental effects

34. 3rd Agricultural Revolution
3. Refrigeration of meats and veggies
Expands the life of produce
Farmers sell goods to WORLD market
4. Genetically Modified Foods “Frankenfood”
Combining the DNA/Genetic material of different species (GMOs = genetically mod. organisms)
Changing DNA – terminator seeds
All sorts of pro/con debate
Europe has banned many foods

35. Agribusiness
1. agriculture conducted on commercial principles, esp. using advanced technology.
an organization engaged in this.
2. the group of industries dealing with agricultural produce and services required in farming.

36. Corporate Agribusiness Today
Corporate agribusiness today, from seedling to supermarket, is dominated by such transnational corporate giants as ConAgra, Unilever, Nestle, Philip Morris, RJR Nabisco, Kraft, Cargill and Archer Daniels Midland.

37. 3rd Agricultural Revolution
Globalization and Food Manufacturing
Multinational/Transnational Corporation (MNC/TNC)
Food processing increases value of product Meredith Rocks
Canning, refining, packaging/packing
Problems:
Leads to decline of subsistence farmers
Leads to capital flight (who controls MNC/TNCs?)
Loss of sovereignty for peripheral countries
No such thing as a “small recall”

38. 3rd Agricultural Revolution
Biotechnology – using organisms to improve other organisms
Transgenic patents
VERY expensive (patents, R&D)
Agribusinesses dominate industry

39. Unit V. Agricultural and Rural Land Use—Basic Vocabulary and Concepts
Adaptive strategies
Agrarian
Agribusiness
Agricultural industrialization
Agricultural landscape
Agricultural location model
Agricultural origins
Agriculture
Animal domestication
Aquaculture
Biorevolution
Biotechnology
Collective farm
Commercial agriculture (intensive, extensive)
Core/periphery
Crop rotation
Cultivation regions
Dairying
Debt-for-nature swap
Diffusion
Double cropping
Economic activity (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, quinary)
Environmental modification (pesticides, soil erosion, desertification)
Extensive subsistence agriculture (shifting cultivation [slash-and- burn, milpa, swidden], nomadic herding/pastoralism)
Extractive industry

40. Farm crisis
Farming
Feedlot
First agricultural revolution
Fishing
Food chain
Forestry
Globalized agriculture
Green revolution
Growing season
Hunting and gathering
Intensive subsistence agriculture
Intertillage
Livestock ranching
Market gardening
Mediterranean agriculture
Mineral fuels
Mining
Planned economy
Plant domestication
Plantation agriculture
Renewable/nonrenewable
Rural settlement (dispersed, nucleated, building material, village form)
Sauer, Carl O.
Second agricultural revolution
Specialization
Staple grains
Suitcase farm
Survey patterns (long lots, metes and bounds, township-and-range)
Sustainable yield
Third agricultural revolution (mechanization, chemical farming, food manufacturing)
“Tragedy of the commons”
Transhumance
Truck farm
Von Thünen, Johann Heinrich