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Unit V- Agriculture and Rural Land Use
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Impact of Seed Agriculture
Increases population dramatically Leads to emigration throughout the rest of the world Social stratification Specialization of labor Creation of governments Increased competition for land and resources
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2nd Agricultural Revolution (late 16th century-19th century)
Began in England 2nd Stage of DTM – fewer positive checks on population growth Major Changes in Agriculture: Switch to the 4 field system Enclosure system Forces peasants off the land Increases livestock Mechanization of farming Successfully marketed iron plough Steam Engine Tractors Selective breeding It was a system that made farming more efficient. Prior to enclosure anybody could use the land and hence concentrated agriculture was impossible. By fencing off the land and entrusting it to one person, the fields could be put to better use.
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Effects of 2nd Agricultural Revolution
More food grown to meet demands of growing population (also causes more population growth) Encourages urbanization Growth of cities (food produced sent to cities) (primogeniture laws - succession passes from generation to generation) Industrial Revolution Colonization Huge market for crops Improvements in transportation Steam ships Railroads Both help transport farm goods over farther distances Subsistence farming Commercial farming/monoculture
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Monoculture vs. Intertillage
Core countries… Have regions with monoculture: one single crop (and usually 1 species of crop) grown Disease can wipe out HUGE food supply (Potato Famine) Developed colonies with one cash crop Forces peripheral countries to import food huge debt Must rely on world demand for money One bad season can destroy the economy Peripheral countries with INTENSIVE land use Practice intertillage crops grown between other crops Depletes nutrients quickly
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Derwent Whittlesey’s 11 Agricultural Regions
What is the difference between extensive farming and intensive farming? Commercial Gardening and Fruit Farming - Extensive Dairy Farming – Extensive Grain Farming – Extensive Livestock Ranching – Extensive Mediterranean Farming – Extensive Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming – Extensive Not Wet Rice - Intensive Pastorial Nomadism – Extensive Plantation Farming Shifting Cultivation Wet Rice Dominant – Intensive
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Types of Subsistence Farming
1. Pastoral Nomadism (Pastoralism)(.25% world pop.) – found in deserts of North Africa, Middle East and Central Asia Depend primarily on animals for survival NOT crops Animals provide milk/blood (food), skin (shelter/clothing), and hair (clothing) Milk traded for grain Some crops grown on the side by women and children (Sedentary Farming) Animals usually NOT slaughtered Size of herd = social class Select type of animal based on physical and cultural traits Camel more suited for Middle East Central Asians prefer horses Sheep, reindeer, goats, huskies, etc. also used
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Pastoral Nomadism Cyclical migration patterns Future?
Based on available resources VERY territorial Some Nomads practice transhumance seasonal migration between mountain pasture (in summer) and lowland pastures (in winter) Future? Less and less pastoral nomads Conflict with established govt over territory impact of boundaries Most will eventually lack the necessary land and resources to sustain life
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Types of Subsistence Agriculture
2. Shifting Cultivation (aka “Slash-and-burn, agriculture”) (5% of world pop) – Farmer cuts down vegetation Burn the plants for added nutrients to the soil Intensively use “SWIDDEN” (cleared land) for a few years (until all the nutrients are gone) Then leave land fallow (nothing planted) so soil can recover Repeat process in a new area
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Shifting Cultivation Found mostly in tropics and subtropics (rainforest of SA, Africa, and SE Asia) Crops grown in concentric circles 1st circle = sweet potatoes and yams Next circles = corn and rice, manioc, and more yams Last circle = Papaya, banana, pineapple, mango, cotton, beans, etc. (most fertile nutrients in soil from leaves of trees) Often uses “Intertillage” (grow between the rows) Environmental dispute – good or bad use of land? Nutrients depleted from soil VERY quickly Destroys rainforest global warming Many peoples moving away from Shifting Agriculture logging, cattle herding, growing cash crops
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Types of Subsistence Farming
3-4 Intensive Subsistence Farming (wet rice dominant vs. non-wet rice dominant) High agricultural density People maximize labor & expense to increase output on available farm land = “intensive” (“Extensive” = use of large areas of land to farm with minimum labor and expense) “Double cropping” = Obtaining 2 harvest from 1 field in 1 yr. very intensive
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3. Wet Rice Dominant (Intensive Subsistence)
Located mostly in Asia (India, Eastern China, SE Asia) Relies on heavy wet season in summer for rice to grow Too little rain a problem Too much rain a problem Step 1: Plant rice in a dry field Step 2: Transplant rice to a flooded field = “sawah” (not “paddy”) Step 3: Harvest rice Step 4: Enjoy a yummy rice dish
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4. Non-Wet-Rice Dominant
Places that are too dry for wet rice… (mostly found in river valleys of Middle East, Europe and Africa) Wheat and barley important substitutes Double cropping used through skilled crop rotation… again, very intensive
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5. Plantation Farming Practiced in LDCs; Owned by MDCs
Plantation = large farm produces 1-2 cash crops (Found in Central America, Coastal SA, Caribbean Islands) Ex. Cotton, sugarcane, coffee, rubber, tobacco Consumed in MDCs due to large demand for goods
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Types of Commercial Farming
1. Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming Found in Central Eastern United States, Northwest/Northeast Central Europe Most $$$ comes from livestock Sale of milk Sale of meat Sale of eggs Crops Provide income during harvest Provide food for livestock Spreads workload over the year; provides income throughout the year Crop rotation very important
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Crop Rotation Needed to maintain fertile soil… changes over time
5th Century A.D. – 2 field system One field 4 cereal grain (wheat, oats, barley, etc.) One field fallow (not used) 8th Century – 3 fields increases harvest by 17% One had a winter cereal One had a spring cereal One fallow 18th Century – 4 fields increases harvest by 8% One for a root crop (turnips, potatoes, etc.) One for a “rest crop” (clover) which restores nutrients and provides food for animals One for a winter cereal One for a spring cereal
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2. Commercial Gardening and Fruit Farming = “Truck Farming”
U.S. Southeast (mostly Florida) Sell for human consumption Consumer vegetables and fruits i.e. apples, asparagus, tomatoes, peaches, lettuce, etc. Large processors for canning/freezing (most crops used for this) Labor costs low use migrant workers & dependent on machinery Specialty farming in NE = growing high end produce for affluent people e.g. asparagus, mushrooms, peppers, organic produce
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Types of Commercia Farming
3. Dairy farming Located around large urban areas (Northeast/north Central United States, North Europe, New Zealand) “Milkshed” Originally limited to short distances New technology moves milk up to 300 miles away Farther away from urban area more likely to sell butter, cheese, etc. # of dairy farmers decreasing Too much work Too expensive to do Output of milk is going up increased yields per cow
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Types of Commerical Farming
4. Grain Farming Food grown primarily for humans NOT for livestock (Grown for sale to manufacturers not for immediate consumption) Wheat very imp. Crop Winter wheat – planted in fall and harvested in beginning of summer Spring wheat – planted in spring and harvested in late summer Harvests increasingly mechanized 1830s – McCormick reaper Today – Harvesting Combine Wheat = world’s leading export crop U.S., Australia, & Canada top 3 (Russia as well) North America = “world’s bread basket”
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5. Mediterranean Agriculture
Location: Area around Med. Sea Southern Cali. SW South Africa SW Australia Crops grown for human consumption Focus on Horticulture Horticulture = growing of fruits, vegetables, flowers & tree crops Grapes and olives most imp. crops around Med. Southern Cali focuses on citrus fruits, tree nuts, and deciduous fruits Importance of value added – cooking oils, wine..
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6. Livestock Ranching Commercial grazing of livestock over a large area (Western United States, high plains of South America, Central Australia “Cowboys” used to move livestock closer railroads so they could be transported to market Chisholm Trail (Texas to Kansas) most famous route taken Originally, cattle grazed on open lands Now, cattle graze in fixed areas (usually land too dry for crops)
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Von Thunen’s Model Focuses on HOW land is used and WHY land is used the way it is Focuses on 3 variables: 1. Value of product 2. Price of land = “land rent” or “bid rent” (refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases.) Different land users will compete with one another for land close to the city center.) 3. Transportation Costs Perishability Assumptions Uniformity of land (isotropic) No government interference No obstacles to transportation No social factors in choosing the product
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Access to Markets The distance from the farm to the market influences to choice of crop to plant Dairy farming is a good example because milk spoils The Von Thunen model states that a commercial farmers initially considers which crops to cultivate and which animals to raise based on market location The model shows that a commercial farmer must combine two sets of monetary values to determine the most profitable crop The value of the yield per hectare The cost of transporting the yield per hectare
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Application of Von Thunen
In his experiences in Northern German in the early nineteenth century, he found that specific crops were grown in different rings around the cities Market-oriented gardens and milk producers (perishable) Wood lots – timber for fuel and construction (heavy) Varieties of crops – rotated from year to year Outer ring was almost exclusively devoted to animal grazing (lots of space needed) This model is accurate on a national or global scale today
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Von Thunen’s Model
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Von Thunen Applicability
Explained cities during/after 2nd Agricultural Revolution Today Refrigeration & Improvements in transportation kill the model’s use in the cities of the core Strawberries from California in Atlanta Clementines from Chile Rubenstein argues applies to the world as a whole “City” replaced by “core” Rings represent larger distances around the core Is it still applicable Yes = growth of many products coming in from periphery where land values are cheap No = Government subsidizes farmers so they can compete w/ peripheral goods, other barriers to trade Application in the periphery Can’t afford refrigeration and other preservative technology Model still applies
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Green Revolution Goal? End World Hunger
When? Post WWII through 1960s Who? Rockefeller & Ford Foundation & Core. Norman Borlaug – Texas A & M Where? Mexico, Phil., India (to help prevent communism from spreading) How? New “miracle seeds” = Wheat and “Golden Rice” HYVs (very prolific), short growing seasons, drought/disease/pest resistant Use of modern fertilizer & pesticides Well construction & Modern pumps Irrigation methods Mechanization (tractor…)
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Green Revolution Success or Failure?
Problems (Malthus) Salinization Top soil loss desertification? Capital intensive – terminator seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, etc. Super pests Run off Mechanization decreased need for workers Sustainability??????
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Green Revolution Success or Failure?
Positives (Boserup) Positive way to deal with increasing pop. pressure Higher yield crops Esp. the Big Four: Rice, wheat, corn, and potato Crops that grow in unnatural conditions
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3rd Agriculture Revolution (U.S. and Europe mostly – happening now)
1. EXTREME mechanization Less labor needed (lower costs) Use of satellite imagery (GIS) Farm jobs now mostly air-conditioned 2. Chemical farming Synthetic fertilizers Pesticides To eliminate unwanted, problematic threats to plants Ex. Herbicides, Fungicides, Insecticides HUGE environmental effects
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3rd Agricultural Revolution
3. Refrigeration of meats and veggies Expands the life of produce Farmers sell goods to WORLD market 4. Genetically Modified Foods “Frankenfood” Combining the DNA/Genetic material of different species (GMOs = genetically mod. organisms) Changing DNA – terminator seeds All sorts of pro/con debate Europe has banned many foods
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Agribusiness 1. agriculture conducted on commercial principles, esp. using advanced technology. an organization engaged in this. 2. the group of industries dealing with agricultural produce and services required in farming.
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Corporate Agribusiness Today
Corporate agribusiness today, from seedling to supermarket, is dominated by such transnational corporate giants as ConAgra, Unilever, Nestle, Philip Morris, RJR Nabisco, Kraft, Cargill and Archer Daniels Midland.
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3rd Agricultural Revolution
Globalization and Food Manufacturing Multinational/Transnational Corporation (MNC/TNC) Food processing increases value of product Meredith Rocks Canning, refining, packaging/packing Problems: Leads to decline of subsistence farmers Leads to capital flight (who controls MNC/TNCs?) Loss of sovereignty for peripheral countries No such thing as a “small recall”
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3rd Agricultural Revolution
Biotechnology – using organisms to improve other organisms Transgenic patents VERY expensive (patents, R&D) Agribusinesses dominate industry
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Unit V. Agricultural and Rural Land Use—Basic Vocabulary and Concepts
Adaptive strategies Agrarian Agribusiness Agricultural industrialization Agricultural landscape Agricultural location model Agricultural origins Agriculture Animal domestication Aquaculture Biorevolution Biotechnology Collective farm Commercial agriculture (intensive, extensive) Core/periphery Crop rotation Cultivation regions Dairying Debt-for-nature swap Diffusion Double cropping Economic activity (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, quinary) Environmental modification (pesticides, soil erosion, desertification) Extensive subsistence agriculture (shifting cultivation [slash-and- burn, milpa, swidden], nomadic herding/pastoralism) Extractive industry
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Farm crisis Farming Feedlot First agricultural revolution Fishing Food chain Forestry Globalized agriculture Green revolution Growing season Hunting and gathering Intensive subsistence agriculture Intertillage Livestock ranching Market gardening Mediterranean agriculture Mineral fuels Mining Planned economy Plant domestication Plantation agriculture Renewable/nonrenewable Rural settlement (dispersed, nucleated, building material, village form) Sauer, Carl O. Second agricultural revolution Specialization Staple grains Suitcase farm Survey patterns (long lots, metes and bounds, township-and-range) Sustainable yield Third agricultural revolution (mechanization, chemical farming, food manufacturing) “Tragedy of the commons” Transhumance Truck farm Von Thünen, Johann Heinrich
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