1. Roadmap Brain and body Neurons Nervous system Neural messages
Mapping the brain
Brain function

2. Murderers and plasticity
N x N
Meditation
Novel environments
Expertise
Practice
Epigenetics

3. Neurons Dendrites-input Soma (cell body)
Axons-carry message away (to other cells)

5. Neural network example

6. Action potential Nerve stimulated
Reverses charge-positive ions enter cell

7. Nerve impulse
Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter (chemicals) into synapse(gap)
Fit into receptor sites on next cell
stimulating or inhibiting firing

8. Nerve impulse reaches the synaptic knobs, triggering the release of neurotransmitters from the synaptic vesicles. Molecules of neurotransmitter cross the synaptic gap to fit into the receptor sites that fit the shape of the molecule, opening the ion channel and allowing sodium ions to rush in.

9. Nerve impulse Neurotransmitters (e.g., serotonin)
excitatory or inhibitory

10. Nervous system Central nervous system (CNS) Brain
makes sense of the information received from the senses, makes decisions
sends commands to muscles, body
Spinal cord
Messages
Reflexes (e.g., pain)

11. Nervous system Peripheral nervous system is
all the neurons and nerves that are not part of CNS, and that extend throughout body

12. Peripheral nervous system
Two systems
somatic nervous system
autonomic nervous system

13. Autonomic nervous system
Parasympathetic
restores and maintains normal day-to-day functioning
Sympathetic
fight-or-flight system

14. Lesioning

15. brain function. An EEG record is shown in 2.11a

18. Figure 2.13 The Limbic System

19. Consciousness Dreaming Drugs and altered consciousness
Roadmap
Consciousness
Dreaming
Drugs and altered consciousness

20. Consciousness
A person’s awareness of everything that is going on around him or her at any given moment

21. Hypnosis & meditation

22. Dreams activity

23. Freudian theories Freud – dreams as wish fulfillment
Manifest content – the actual dream itself
Latent content – true, hidden meaning of a dream

24. The Brain and Activation-Synthesis Theory of Dreaming
Random signals to the upper part of the brain
Pass through the thalamus-signals to the proper sensory areas of cortex
Association areas of the cortex respond
(making up) a dream, bits and pieces life experiences and memories

25. Activation-information-mode model (AIM)
Information accessed during waking hours influences synthesis of dreams

27. Sleep problems
Insomnia - inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or get good quality
Sleep apnea – disorder, person stops breathing nearly half a minute or more
Continuous positive airway pressure device

29. Psychoactive drugs
alter thinking, perception, memory

30. Physical Dependence
Tolerance – more and more drug needed for same effect
Withdrawal - physical symptoms: nausea, pain, tremors, crankiness, high blood pressure…

31. Psychological dependence
feeling drug needed to continue feeling of emotional or psychological well-being

32. Oxycontin examples

33. Stimulants
increase the functioning of the nervous system

34. Stimulants Amphetamines – drugs synthesized (made in labs)
Cocaine – natural drug; euphoria, energy, power, pleasure
Nicotine - active ingredient in tobacco

35. Stimulants
Caffeine - stimulant in coffee, tea, sodas, chocolate, OTC drugs

36. Nicotine harmful effects of nicotine well known BUT…
many people continue to smoke or chew tobacco!
Third-hand smoke
QUIT OR DON’T START!!!

37. Depressants
decrease functioning of the nervous system

38. Depressants Barbituates – sedative effect
Benzodiazepines - lower anxiety and reduce stress
Rohypnol – "date rape" drug

39. Alcohol
fermentation or distillation of various kinds of vegetable matter
Confused as stimulant, actually a depressant on CNS

40. Narcotics
opium-related drugs suppress sensation of pain -- binding to, stimulating nervous system’s natural receptor sites for endorphins

41. Narcotics
Opium - derived from opium poppy, from which all narcotic drugs are derived
Morphine - narcotic drug derived from opium, used to treat severe pain
Heroin - narcotic drug derived from opium, extremely addictive

42. Psychogenic drugs
Hallucinogens and marijuana, produce hallucinations or increased feelings of relaxation, intoxication
Hallucinogens - drugs that cause false sensory messages, altering the perception of reality
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) - powerful synthetic hallucinogen
PCP - synthesized drug now used as an animal tranquilizer that can cause stimulant, depressant, narcotic, or hallucinogenic effects

43. Psychogenic drugs
Hallucinogens – cause false sensory messages, altering perception of reality
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) - powerful synthetic hallucinogen
PCP – synthesized, used as animal tranquilizer can cause stimulant, depressant, narcotic, or hallucinogenic effects

44. Psychogenic drugs
MDMA (Ecstasy or X) - designer drug, stimulant and hallucinatory effects
Stimulatory hallucinogenics – produce a mixture of psychomotor stimulant and hallucinogenic effects
Mescaline - natural hallucinogen from peyote cactus buttons

45. Marijuana (pot or weed)
mild hallucinogen derived from hemp plant
Cannabis reported to relieve pain
multiple sclerosis
chronic pain from nerve damage
Use is controversial-classified as illegal drug in some countries
THOUGHTS, PREDICTIONS???

46. Meth…and social problems