1. Ancient Greece & Rome
The Basics
By Ms. Weinberg

2. In this lesson, we will study the Ancient cultures of Greece & Rome
You may be surprised to find out how much we learned from these people of long ago…

3. The Greeks used columns when they designed many buildings.
This is a column
This is a picture of the Parthenon in Greece.

4. The Romans used arches when they constructed (made) buildings.
This is an arch
This is the Colosseum in Rome.

5. The Romans used arches when they constructed (made) aqueducts.
This is an arch

6. Many Greek & Roman buildings display mosaics and sculptures.
Not only did the people of Ancient Greece & Rome influence architecture, they also influenced Art.
Can you see the many tiles in this mosaic?
Many Greek & Roman buildings display mosaics and sculptures.

7. Alpha Tau Omega House – University of Florida

8. Florida State Capital Building – Tallahassee, Florida

9. U.S. Capital – Washington D.C.

10. University of Louisiana at Lafayette– Walk of Honor

11. City Hall– Newberry, Florida

12. Have you ever heard of the Olympics?
You have probably enjoyed watching the athletes compete in the Winter Olympics as well as the Summer Olympics.
The Olympic Games began back in Ancient Greece.

13. So far we have learned how the Greeks and Romans influenced architecture and sports. We will learn about one more way they made a contribution to the people of today.

14. ***Our government is based on ideas from Ancient Greece & Rome.
          
          
***We call Greece “The Birthplace of Democracy.”
***A democracy is a government ruled by the people.

15. The people of Greece used a
Direct Democracy.
     
A Direct Democracy is a government where people vote to make their own rules & laws.

16. Republican form of Government - Representative Democracy.
***The Romans used a
Republican form of Government - Representative Democracy.
A Representative Democracy is a government in which the people elect (vote for) a smaller group to make the rules & laws for everyone.

17. Forms of Government
The Ancient Greek Polis Had Many Different Forms of Government
Athens Developed Democracy
Rome was initially a Republic where Romans Elected Representation
Rome After Julius Caesar Became an Empire with one Emperor ruling large amounts of land.

18. Which kind of government do we have in the United States?
Do we have a Direct Democracy?
Do we have a Representative Democracy?
This one is correct!

19. Now that we have learned about the contributions of the Greeks and Romans, let’s focus on where these places were located and find out about the people who lived there.

20. Both Greece and Rome are located on the continent of Europe
***Both Greece and Rome are located on the continent of Europe. They are both located on the Mediterranean Sea. Both places have many hills, too.
***Pelopennesus – a mountainous peninsula in southern Europe

21. Almost 2000 islands surrounded Peloponnesus – Villages were isolated, cut off from each other

22. ***Where did ancient Greek civilization begin?
***On the Peloponnesus and the islands surrounding this mountainous peninsula

23. The Greeks were shipbuilders.
The Romans were road builders.

24. Both ancient Greece & Rome had only a small amount of the rich soil needed for farming. Still some of the people were farmers. They had to farm on hillsides

25. Because of where they lived, the Greeks & Romans needed to adapt to their environment.
Ancient Greece & Rome were located along the Mediterranean Sea, so the people who lived there were traders.

26. Since there were many mountains & hills, the Greeks built many, small communities.
***Political units made up of a city and surrounding villages sprung up called “city-states.”

27. ***Greek city-states shared common culture and language, but choose different forms of government. Athens and Sparta were the largest city-states.
***Monarchy – ruled by Kings
***Some were ruled by a “tyrant” someone who took power illegally
***Sparta was ruled by an “oligarchy” a system ruled by a few individuals and was a military state (had two kings)
***Athens became a limited democracy where all citizens could take part in the government and make laws. Only free adult males were citizens. Women, slaves, and foreigners were not citizens

28. In the early 5th century B. C
***In the early 5th century B.C., Greece was invaded by Persia (which is now Iran)
***Athens and Sparta joined forces. The Greeks won!
***Decades later Athens & Sparta fought each other in the Peloponnesian War – Sparta won
The city-states were so busy focusing on the war between Sparta and Athens they didn’t notice their neighbor Macedonia was building an army to invade Greece.
***Alexander the Great from Macedonia conquered territories from North Africa, Middle East and Asia spreading Greek culture.

29. Who was Pericles? Pericles was an Athenian statesman, so influential in Athenian history that the period of his power is called the Age of Pericles. In Athenian politics Pericles sought to enable all citizens to take an active part in the government. Payment of citizens for their services to the state was introduced, and members of the council were chosen by lot from the entire body of Athenians. Pericles believed anyone who neglects Athens is useless Pericles believed anyone who fights for their state should have a say in state affairs

30. ANCIENT ROME. Overthrew their Monarchy
***ANCIENT ROME ***Overthrew their Monarchy ***Created a “republic” a form of government in which citizens elect representatives to rule in their name ***All male citizens could vote but only “patricians” members of rich and powerful families could hold the highest government offices. ***Farmers, merchants, and craftspeople made up the class known as “plebeians.” ***The Roman Republic grew to fast and there was so much conflict that they allowed Octavian (Augustus) to take control and formed the “Roman Empire” under his complete control.

31. Augustus expands the Empire takes over Palestine a Jewish kingdom in the Mediterranean. during this time period Jesus is born and Christianity begins Christianity becomes official religion of the Roman Empire

32. ***Causes for the decline of the Roman Empire A series of inexperienced and corrupt emperors Division of the Empire Conflict with Germanic tribes Crushing tax burden Gap between the rich and the poor Decline of patriotism and loyalty Food shortages

33. Free adult male citizens
GOVERNMENT
WHO RULED
HOW CHOOSEN
WHO PARTICIPATED
Greek Democracy
citizens
elected
Free adult male citizens
Roman Republic
patricians
All male citizens
Roman Empire
An emperor
Self-appointed
No one

34. The Colosseum Rome The Parthenon Greece What’s this? What’s this?
Where can it be found?
Greece
Where can it be found?
Rome

35. We have learned about the many contributions that the Ancient Greeks &
Romans made to the world.
We can thank the Greeks & Romans for:
Greeks
artists, writers and philosophers
theater, science, and government
Democracy – giving people a voice in government
Romans
roads, aqueducts, and public buildings
idea of a republic and created written code of law
Legal systems today still influenced by the republic of Rome

36. The Legacy of Ancient Greece and Rome

37. Achievement of Greece and Rome
Both Civilizations Had Many Achievements.
The Romans Copied Many Greek Achievements
Athens Has a Golden Age
Pax Romana- Golden Age of Rome

38. Legacy of Greece: Democracy
From Athens
Democracy-Government by the People comes from the Greeks.

39. Legacy of Ancient Greece: Philosophy
Socrates
Aristotle
Plato
Socratic Method: teach through questions

40. Legacy of Greece: The Arts
Achievements in Art and Literature
Sculpture
Drama
Comedy
Tragedy

41. Achievements of Ancient Rome
Preservation and Copying of Greek Learning

42. Achievements of Ancient Rome
Engineering
Aqueducts
Roads

43. Achievements of Ancient Rome
Modern Calendar
Achievements in Government- Republic
Achievements in Law

44. Athens Builds a Limited Democracy
Government- system for controlling the society
Monarchy- king or monarch; rule is hereditary
Aristocracy- ruled by a small group of noble, land-owning families
Oligarchy- government ruled by a few people based upon wealth or ability
Democracy- “rule of the people”
Adult male citizens participated in governmental decisions and three nobles were elected to the assembly and later the council of advisors
Around 600 BC economic problems eventually forced farmers into slavery

45. Important People in Athens
Reforms of Solon (594 BC)
Outlawed debt slavery and canceled farmers debts
Created the Council of 400- prepared business
Any citizen could bring charges against wrongdoers
Citizen= free adult males; 1/10 population
Cleisthenes Enacts More Reforms
Reorganized the assembly for rich and poor
Council of 500- proposed laws and counseled the assembly
Citizens= 1/5 population
Pericles Strengthens Democracy
Increased paid public officials
Direct Democracy- citizens rule and make laws directly

46. Greek Philosophers Use Reason
1. The universe is put together in an orderly way and is subject to absolute and changing laws
2. People can understand these laws through logic and reason
SPA
Socrates- Socratic Method
Plato- The Republic; rule by philosopher-kings
Aristotle- Politics; live in a state

47. Legacy of Greece
Natural Laws- use of reason and intelligence to discover
Direct Democracy
Three Branches of Government

48. Rome Develops a Republic
Republic- power rests with citizens who have the right to elect the leaders who make governmental decisions; “indirect democracy”
Patricians vs. Plebeians
Plebeians could vote but not hold government positions

49. Roman Government Twelve Tables Republican Government
Written law code to protect plebeians
All free citizens had the right to protection under law and laws would be fairly administered
Republican Government
Dictator- times of crisis
Two Consuls
Senate- Patricians
Two assembles- Plebeians

50. Roman Law All citizens had the right to equal treatment under the law
Innocent until proven guilty
Burden of proof rested in the accuser
Unfair laws could be set aside
Justinian Law Code- “a government of laws, not of men”

51. Legacy of Rome Republic
Individual is a citizen in a state not a subject
Written law code

53. Classical Civilization
Ancient Greek and Roman Civilization is Known as Classical Civilization
Western Civilization (US, Western Europe) is based on Classical Greek and Roman Civilization.

54. Geography and Ancient Greece and Rome
Ancient Greek and Roman History and Culture was Greatly Affected by its Geography

55. Geography and Greece and Rome
Geography Helped Rome Become a Strong united Empire.
Geography kept the Greek City-states separate from each other.

56. Main Geographic Features of Greece
Aegean, Mediterranean, and Ionian Seas
Mountains
Islands

57. Affects of Geography on Greece
Development of Separate City-States (Polis)
Greeks become traders, shipbuilders, and sailors
Different Forms of Government

58. Greek Polis
Ancient Greece was not a unified Empire but was made up of independent city-states which were like mini-countries

59. How did Geography hurt the Ancient Greeks?

60. Geography and Rome
Geography Helped the Roman Empire Expand and Become one of the Most Powerful Civilizations in History.

61. Italian Peninsula
Rome is Located on the Italian Peninsula

62. Advantages of Rome’s Geography
Italian Peninsula has few mountains.
Fertile Land
7 Hills Protect Rome
Easy to Unify
Central Location

63. Advantages of Roman Geography
Access to the Sea
Access to trade routes.
Very near Mediterranean Sea

64. Advantages of Roman Geography
Alps Mountains Protect Rome in the North

65. The Fall of Ancient Greece
The Ancient Greeks Fought Themselves and weakened each Polis.
Philip of Macedonia, Father of Alexander the Great, Conquerors all of Greece.

66. The Fall of the Roman Empire
The Roman Empire ultimately split into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern or Byzantine Empire.
The Western Roman Empire fell from many immediate and underlying reasons.
Byzantine Empire lasts 1,000 years longer than the Western Roman Empire.