Introduction to geography

Introduction to geography
Unit one review Introduction to geography

correlation Positive correlation or just “correlation” As one goes up, the other goes up For example – as GDP increases, literacy rate increases Negative correlation As one goes up, the other goes down As one goes down, the other goes up For example – As literacy rate increases, infant mortality rate decreases

Types of maps Cartogram Dot density Choropleth Graduated symbol Isoline

Cartogram

Choropleth Map

Dot Density Map

Graduated Symbol Map

Isoline Map

Functional – based on a hub or node
regions Formal - measurable Functional – based on a hub or node Perceptual (Vernacular) – gut feeling about a place

Site – what it’s like there Situation - relative location
Toponym Site – what it’s like there Situation - relative location Absolute location

diffusion Relocation Expansion Contagious Stimulus
Hierarchical (reverse hierarchical) Distance decay – the farther away you are from something, the less influence it has on you Space-time compression – easier to move things as technology improves (crossing the ocean for example)

Density – doesn’t tell the whole story
distribution Density – doesn’t tell the whole story Concentration – where the items are located Remember Canada as an example!

Density versus Concentration
Greater Concentration FIGURE 1-25 DISTRIBUTION OF BASEBALL TEAMS The changing distribution of North American baseball teams illustrates the difference between density and concentration. Greater Density

Map projections Mercator Robinson Peters Polar (Azimuthal)

Mercator Projection

Robinson Projection

Peters Projection

Polar (azimuthal) projection

Environmental Determinism (Malthus!) Possibilism (Boserup!)
theories Environmental Determinism (Malthus!) Possibilism (Boserup!)

GIS – layering maps, Google Earth
technology GIS – layering maps, Google Earth GPS – only for positioning (absolute location) Remote Sensing – using satellites to gather data

There has never been an FRQ just from Unit One!

The spread of specialty coffee sops across the U. s
The spread of specialty coffee sops across the U.s. in the 1990s is an example of Hierarchical diffusion Contagious diffusion Stimulus diffusion Periodic movement Relocation diffusion

A formal region defines an area in which
A core dominates its surrounding hinterland A transportation network links different types of land use There is uniformity in one or more physical or human characteristics There are significant geographic variations in physical or human characteristics A unified government system has been established

Which of the following is the primary assumption of environmental determinism?
Human destiny is controlled by the cultural environment The physical environment has little influence on humans Humans have complete control over the physical environment Many human adaptations are possible within a specific physical environment The physical environment controls human culture

Test taking tips – multiple choice
Use PENCIL for multiple choice 75 questions – 60 minutes Narrow it down, answer, and move on Make a note to go back but don’t leave it blank in case you run out of time! No penalty for guessing (wrong answers don’t deduct points)

Multiple choice If you have no idea….figure out what unit it is from and focus on what you DO know – eliminate any wrong answers and go from there Beware of words like “only”, “always,” or “never” unless you are SURE they are correct!

Three main types of mc questions
Conceptual – analyze a concept Interpretation of map, graph, chart – visual prompt Fact-based – vocabulary or choose a country that represents the concept

FRQs Use PEN for FRQs – cross-outs and arrows are ok
75 minutes for 3 FRQs Do the easiest one first! Leave yourself enough SPACE on FRQs in case you want to add more later! Do NOT add an intro or conclusion

frqs Label your FRQ # in the answer book Label your parts A, B, C, etc. You do NOT need to answer them in order, just label which is which! Write legibly – your grader will like you!

FRQs Be thorough but concise. If it asks for a definition, you don’t need a whole paragraph Use vocab as much as you can – it will show the reader you know your stuff! Underline or circle your “action verbs” – define, explain, analyze, compare, describe, identify, give an example Be sure to notice HOW MANY examples, etc., you need

FRQs Be sure to notice if they are asking for something that is specifically, economic, social, political, etc. Reread your answer to make sure it answers what is being asked – “complete the circle” Do not stray from the topic Do not list 10 examples if it asks for 3 – they will only grade your first 3!

FRQs DO NOT SKIP AN FRQ!!!! You have a “slim to none” chance of passing the exam if you skip one. If you don’t know the answer, just pull from what you DO know about the topic and you might get lucky and get some points! Do not use bullet points COMPLETE SENTENCES! YOU NEED TO SOUND ‘SCHOLARLY!’

How much to write Identify/name/define/list – write one sentence (or two or three depending on how many items they are asking for) Describe/apply – write a few sentences Explain/compare/analyze – write a paragraph Analyze – write 2-3 paragraph Discuss/predict – write 2-3 paragraphs

Past verb usage Between 2001 – 2014, the APHG exam used the following verbs most frequently: Explain – 24 Identify – 13 Describe – 5 Discuss – 5 Define – 3 Compare - 1

The day of the exam Get a good night’s sleep and eat breakfast! Do not try to “cram” all night or in the morning - you will just end up tired and stressed! Be on time – 7:30 a.m. at St. Robert’s Bring water and a snack Leave your phone OFF MC questions are first, followed by a 15 minute break Take 5 minutes to read all 3 FRQs before you start Be sure to read the entire FRQ before you start writing Use any prompts or visuals to your advantage!

Population and migration
Unit two review Population and migration

Most populous regions South Asia (rural) East Asia (rural) Southeast Asia (rural) Europe (urban) NE United States (urban) Western Africa (rural)

Types of densities Arithmetic (“regular”) density Physiological density Carrying capacity Agricultural density

The ecumene has increased due to technology (possibilism!)
Non-ecumene Too wet Too dry Too cold Too high The ecumene has increased due to technology (possibilism!)

Demographic transition model
No countries are in stage 1 Transition from 1 to 2 – Industrial Revolution, Medical Revolution 1: High birth and death rates 2: Rapidly decreasing death rates 3: Rapidly declining birth rates 4: Low birth and death rates; Zero Population Growth (United States) 5: Death rate higher than birth rate (Japan, South Korea, some Europe)

FIGURE 2-17 DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL The demographic transition model consists of four stages.

Epidemiological transition
Mostly matches up with DTM As a country develops it moves away from contagious diseases (water borne etc) and toward lifestyle-induced diseases (obesity, drinking, smoking, violence) Stage 5 reverts back – mutations, increased travel, poverty

World’s population was growing faster than rate of food production
Thomas malthus Late 1700s Britain Overpopulation World’s population was growing faster than rate of food production Didn’t realize we would have technology to increase food production Neo (“new”) Malthusians – still believe he is/was correct

Also called age-sex graphs Males on left, females on right
Population pyramids Also called age-sex graphs Males on left, females on right Show dependency ratio and sex ratio Can be for country, city, or neighborhood Large base = high birth rate, less developed country Large top, small base = low birth rate, many elderly, more developed country

Japan’s Changing Population
Figure 2-28 JAPAN’S CHANGING POPULATION PYRAMIDS Japan’s population pyramid has shifted from a broad base in 1950 to a rectangular shape. In the future, the bottom of the pyramid is expected to contract and the top to expand.

Population policies Pronatalist – Denmark, Singapore, Romania Antinatalist – China, India

Demographic measurements
CBR (out of 1000) CDR (out of 1000) CDR is the one that doesn’t tell you about development! IMR (out of 1000) TFR (2.1 is stable) NIR (CBR minus CDR, move decimal one to left) Doubling time (divide NIR by 70) Life expectancy

Types of migration Chain Step Internal Interregional Intraregional International Involuntary (forced) Net migration (immigration minus emigration) Voluntary – generally for JOBS Seasonal (transnational)

Economic, political, environmental Mostly economic
Push and pull factors Economic, political, environmental Mostly economic

Voluntarily leave for fear of death or persecution
refugees Voluntarily leave for fear of death or persecution Internally Displaced Persons – refugees within their home country Asylum Seekers – seeking refugee status Africa has had the most internal refugees Today – many from North Africa/Middle East to Europe

Migration patterns Historically, rural to urban Today – urban to suburban, urban to rural (counter-urbanization) Mostly LDC to MDC United States – north and east to west and south Ravenstein’s laws: mostly young, single males, mostly short distances, long distance migrants head toward cities

Global Migration Patterns
FIGURE 3-6 GLOBAL MIGRATION PATTERNS The width of the arrows shows the amount of net migration between regions of the world. Countries with net in-migration are in red, and those with net outmigration are in blue. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Past frq’s 2003 - Europe as a destination for migrants
Immigration to the U.S. Migration streams 2008 – North American net in/out migration 2010 – population pyramids 2011 – Malthus 2013 – Ageing populations (TFR) 2015 – Refugees from SW Asia

Frq predictions Density, scale, distributions National population policies – fertility rates Epidemiological transition Impact of natural disasters on a population Population pyramid analysis

Physiological population density is viewed as a superior measure of population density for which of the following reasons? It is more reflective of population pressure on arable land It yields the average population density It is more reflective of the world’ largest population concentrations It measures the average by dividing total land area by total number of people It best reflects the percentage of a country’s population that is urbanized

In which of the following regions is population density high and economic development low?
Northeastern United States Sudan India Japan Eastern Australia

Since the 1970s, changes in the social roles, lifestyles, and employment patterns of women in Europe, Canada, and the united states have affected the overall population through which of the following? Increased total fertility rates Decreased total fertility rates Increased death rates Decreased death rates Increased infant mortality rates

Unit three culture

culture Habit, custom, culture Folk culture – small group, homogeneous, small area, relocation diffusion Popular culture – large group, heterogeneous, worldwide, contagious/hierarchical/stimulus diffusion Globalization as a theme throughout class Cultural hearths – ancient and modern Cultural landscape = built environment

Early Cultural Hearths
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

language Family, branch, group
Indo-European family – Romance (Spanish, French) and Germanic (English) branches Sino-Tibetan family – includes Mandarin Chinese (most spoken language in world) Dialects – vocabulary, spelling, pronunciation, isogloss Result of migration Lingua franca – English, Swahili Official languages due to colonialism Creole, pidgin, logograms

FIGURE 5-5 DISTRIBUTION OF LANGUAGE FAMILIES Most language can be classified into one of a handful of language families.

FIGURE 5-3 LANGUAGE FAMILY TREE Language families with at least 10 million speakers according to Ethnologue are shown as trunks of trees. Some language families are divided into branches and groups. Individual languages that have more than 5 million speakers are shown as leaves. Below ground level, the language tree’s “roots” are shown, but these are speculative because they predated recorded history. FIGURE 5-4 SHARE OF EACH LANGUAGE FAMILY The chart shows the percentage of people who speak a language from each major family.

religion Universalizing – Christianity, Islam, Buddhism (seek converts, widespread) Ethnic – Judaism, Hinduism (not widespread) Christianity – most followers; spread through colonialism Islam – fastest growing; Indonesia has most Muslims Monotheistic and polytheistic Religious structures – churches, synagogues, mosques, temples, pagodas

FIGURE 6-3 WORLD DISTRIBUTION OF RELIGIONS The pie charts show the share of major religions in each world region.

FIGURE 6-4 ADHERENTS OF WORLD RELIGIONS Nonreligious includes atheists and agnostics.

FIGURE 6-7 DISTRIBUTION OF CHRISTIANS IN THE UNITED STATES The shaded areas are U.S. counties in which more than 50 percent of church membership is concentrated in either Roman Catholicism or one Protestant denomination. The distinctive distribution of religious groups within the United States results from patterns of migration, especially from Europe in the nineteenth century and from Latin America in recent years.

Race vs Ethnicity vs Nationality Ethnic cleansing vs Genocide
Serbia, Kosovo, Rwanda, Sudan Balkanization Yugoslavia Potential to occur in Caucasus Mountain region

Distribution of Hispanics in U.S.
FIGURE 7-7 DISTRIBUTION OF HIS PANICS IN THE UNITED STATES The counties with the highest percentages in 2010 are in the Southwest, near the Mexican border, and in northern cities.

Distribution of African Americans in U.S.
FIGURE 7-8 DISTRIBUTION OF AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE UNITED STATES The counties with the highest percentages of African Americans are in the rural South and in northern cities.

Distribution of Asian Americans in U.S.
FIGURE 7-9 DISTRIBUTION OF ASIAN AMERICANS IN THE UNITED STATES The counties with the highest percentages of Asian Americans are in Hawaii and California.

Past Frq’s 2002 – Religion and cultural landscape
2003 – effects of tourism on regional landscape 2007 – minority languages and globalization 2008 – gender and education 2009 – religious distribution in U.S. 2012 – Muslim migration to Europe 2015 – English as lingua franca 2016 – French bilingualism in Canada

Frq predictions Popular versus folk culture, future of folk cultures
Ethnic distributions (nation-states vs states) Ethnic conflicts – Yugoslavia (Bosnia and Kosovo) Gender inequality (industry and agriculture) Diffusion of culture – impacts of colonialism, imperialism, and trade (Columbian Exchange, globalization) Differences between religions – distributions and beliefs, universal versus ethnic, spread of Islam or Christianity

Hinduism Christianity Buddhism Sikhism Confucianism
Which of the following originated in south Asia and subsequently spread throughout much of southeast and east asia? Hinduism Christianity Buddhism Sikhism Confucianism

Political organization of space
Unit four Political organization of space

Law of the sea Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)– 200 nautical miles – state has sole exploitation rights over all natural resources Controversial in the Arctic Ocean – overlap China is ignoring this Law in the South China Sea – trying to exploit resources that aren’t in their EEZ

Types of states Nation State nation-state stateless nation
multiethnic state multinational state multi-state nation Microstate Colony Ends in “state” – it is a country! Ends in “nation” – it is a culture!

Stateless nations/multinational states
Kurds – Iraq and Turkey Basques – Spain Quebecois – Canada Catalonians – Spain Chechens – Russia Tibetans – China Sikhs – Northern India

Devolution Balkanization Irredentism Cold War – “Balance of Power”

Theories of world dominance
Heartland Theory – MacKinder (land based power) Rimland Theory - Spykeman (sea based power) Organic Theory – Ratzel (countries are like living organisms) Domino Theory (if one country fell to Communism, more would follow)

colonialism Great Britain and France had the largest colonial empires Relocation diffusion – languages, religions Imperialism Effects on Africa’s borders Three G’s

Colonial Possessions, 1914 FIGURE 8-23 COLONIAL POSSESSIONS, 1914 At the outbreak of World War I in 1914, European states held colonies in much of the world, especially in Africa and Asia. Most of the countries in the Western Hemisphere were at one time colonized by Europeans but gained their independence in the eighteenth or nineteenth centuries.

Colonial Possessions, 2012 FIGURE 8-24 COLONIAL POSSESSIONS, 2012 Most remaining colonies are tiny specks in the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, too small to appear on the map.

Shapes of states Compact Elongated Fragmented Perforated Prorupted
Landlocked – many in Africa (colonialism) Enclave Exclave

Or Prorupted In days of slow transportation & communication-compact nations were easier to control-examples-Hungary, Poland, Bulgaria, Zimbabwe Fragmented (archipelago) states are more difficult to control due to distances involved-Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia and Japan. Elongated-or attenuated-are long and thin states-Chile, Vietnam, Norway are examples.

Types of government Democracy Autocracy Anocracy The world is becoming more and more democratic Arab Spring – 2011 – attempts by several Arab nations to overthrow corrupt governments – has led to civil war in Syria

forces Centrifugal Centripetal

Supranational organizations
Economic, Political, Defense EU UN NAFTA NATO Cold War began the need for alliances NATO/Warsaw Pact

boundaries Boundary types – physical and cultural Antecedent Geometric
Relict Subsequent/Consequent Superimposed Boundary disputes Functional Positional Resource (Allocational) Territorial

Past frq’s 2002 – Nations and states in Europe and SW Asia
2005 – Supranationalism and devolution 2006 – centrifugal and centripetal forces 2010 – national identity development 2012 – walls and barriers 2014 – superimposed boundaries 2015 – gerrymandering

Frq predictions Changing map from 1940s to present – fall of communism and end of Cold War Recent nationalism impacts on countries – devolution Heartland, Rimland, Organic theories Forms of governments – unitary vs federal states Impacts of terrorism Supranational organizations Devolution in UK, Spain, Canada, former Yugoslavia, Caucasus, Belgium

Which of the following is an example of a supranational organization with the main mission of increasing economic integration? North Atlantic Treaty Organization European Union United Nations Red Cross United States Federal Reserve

Which of the following can be an example of a centrifugal political force?
Homogeneous ethnic population Strong central government Variation of language within the country Shift to tertiary economy Concentrated ownership of media

Unit five agriculture

Agricultural revolutions
First – Neolithic – 3000 BC Second – Industrial – late 1700s/early 1800s Third – Green (1940s) and Biotech (1970s)

Crop Hearths FIGURE 10-3 CROP HEARTHS Agriculture originated in multiple hearths. Domestication of some crops can be dated back more than 10,000 years.

Carl Sauer – he might come up??!!
One of the first to argue that agricultural hearths formed independently from one another Said hearths were located in areas with high biodiversity on the edge of forests Said that early agriculture came from cutting stems and dividing roots, rather than from planting seeds Landscape Theory – Humans have created the cultural landscape Fierce critic of Environmental Determinism

The Columbian Exchange

Types of agriculture Determined by climate Intensive vs Extensive Subsistence vs Commercial Developed vs Developing

FIGURE AGRICULTURE AND CLIMATE REGIONS (right) The major agricultural practices of the world can be divided into those that are prevalent in developing countries and those that are prevalent in developed countries (upper right). Climate plays a large role in the practice of agriculture. Figure 1-40 is a more detailed version of the climate map shown here.

Types of agriculture Plantation
market gardening aka commercial gardening aka truck farming shifting cultivation pastoral nomadism Ranching intensive subsistence rice mixed crop and livestock intensive subsistence not rice Grain Mediterranean Dairy

Von Thunen Model

Modern agriculture Women in agriculture World hunger and malnutrition Food deserts Cash crops Sustainable agriculture Organic farming Commercial farming – decline of family farm, feedlots Agribusiness Aquaculture

Past frq’s 2001 – Green Revolution
2004 – Poultry farming (commercial ag) 2007 – von Thunen model 2008 – von Thunen vs Burgess (both have rings) 2009 – decline of dairy farms 2012 – shifting cultivation/subsistence agriculture 2014 – coffee production 2016 – subsistence vs. commercial agriculture

Frq predictions First and Second Ag Revolutions Columbian Exchange
Connections between physical geography and agricultural practices Biotech and GMOs Economic forces that influence agriculture Complementarity and comparative advantages for agriculture (global food patterns) Impact of women on food consumption and production

Which of the following regions has little dairying in its traditional agriculture?
Eastern Europe Western Europe South Asia East Asia North America

Which of the following is a subsistence crop?
Corn Cotton Rubber Cocoa Timber

All of the following about the geography of meat production in the U.S. and Canada are true except:
Industrial farmers are raising ever-increasing numbers of animals on their farms Animal slaughtering and meat-processing activities are dominated by a few large corporations The development of the poultry industry has made chicken the least expensive kind of meat consumed in the U.S. and Canada Fast-food restaurants have created a demand for increased standardization and homogeneity of animals raised for meat Consumer demand for organic foods has significantly decreased the amount of meat produced by most agribusiness firms

Industry and development
Unit six Industry and development

Human development index
Social: literacy rate, years of schooling, pupil to teacher ratio Demographic: life expectancy Economic: GDP per capita or GNI per capita, at PPP Brandt Line separates MDCs and LDCs Best: Norway

HDI by region FIGURE 9-3HDI BY REGIOIN Regions and other areas are shown in order of level of development. Developed regions are in red, and developing regions in green. Similar patterns will be used for a number of charts in this chapter.

Gender inequality index
Empowerment: women in legislature, women completing high school Labor: women in labor force Reproductive health: maternal mortality rate, adolescent fertility rate Most progress: North Africa and Southwest Asia U.S. lags behind some other developed areas Best: Iceland

Millennium development goals
United Nations Expired in 2015 Fairly successful Poverty, health, education, global connectedness

Europe’s Early Industrial Centers
FIGURE 11-3 Europe’s Industrial Areas Europe was the first region to industrialize during the nineteenth century. Numerous industrial centers emerged in Europe as countries competed with each other for supremacy. Europe was the first region to industrialize during the nineteenth century. Numerous industrial centers emerged in Europe as countries competed with each other for supremacy.

North America’s Early Industrial Centers
FIGURE 11-4 North America’s Industrial Areas Industry arrived a bit later in North America than in Europe, but it grew much faster in the nineteenth century. North America’s manufacturing was traditionally highly concentrated in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. In recent years, manufacturing has relocated to the South, lured by lower wages and legislation that has made it difficult for unions to organize factory workers. North America’s manufacturing was traditionally highly concentrated in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. In recent years, manufacturing has relocated to the South, lured by lower wages and legislation that has made it difficult for unions to organize factory workers.

East Asia’s Early Industrial Areas
East Asia became an important industrial region in the second half of the 20th century, beginning with Japan. Into the 21st century, China has emerged as the world’s leading manufacturing country by most measures. FIGURE 11-5 East Asia’s Industrial Areas East Asia became an important industrial region in the second half of the twentieth century, beginning with Japan. Into the twenty-first century, China has emerged as the world’s leading manufacturing country by most measures.

Weber’s least cost theory
Triangle – agglomeration, labor, transportation costs Substitution principle Bulk-gaining and bulk-reducing industries Basic (city forming) and non-basic (city serving) industries

Weber’s Industrial “Least Cost” Model
Labor “Sweet spot” Agglomeration Transportation

Development strategies
Self-sufficiency approach (bubble) International Trade approach (what are you good at?)

Economic sectors Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary Quinary

Wallerstein’s world system theory
Core, periphery, semi-periphery Periphery countries supply cheap labor and raw materials Semi-periphery = NIC (newly industrialized country) Core countries provide market and industry Can also occur within a country – urban and rural

Wallerstein’s Theory: Core and periphery countries need each other to exist; no country develops in isolation

Rostow’s development model
Five stages – less developed to more developed Primary to secondary to tertiary/quaternary/quinary Also matches up with Wallerstein and DTM 2: Periphery 3: Semi-periphery 4-5: Core No countries are in stage 1 of Rostow or DTM!

Agriculture, mining, etc.
Industry and manufacturing Service industries

Changes in U.S. Employment
FIGURE 12-6 CHANGES IN U.S. EMPLOYMENT Jobs have increased in the service sector.

trade New International Division of Labor Transnational corporations - Outsourcing Trade blocs – NAFTA, EU, ASEAN Export Processing Zones/Free Trade Zones/Special Economic Zones – maquiladoras, China Complementarity and comparative advantage

Past frq’s 2001 – Rostow 2003 – Wallerstein 2004 – maquiladoras
2006 – southern businesses and locations of call centers (footloose) 2007 – international division of labor 2010 – Weber’s theory of industrial location 2011 – locations of automobile industries in U.S. 2013 – technopoles (growth poles) as industrial regions 2014 – Rostow vs. Wallerstein 2016 – primary, secondary, tertiary activities

Frq predictions Industrial revolution impacts
Measures of development – HDI UN Millennium goals Women in the workforce Complementarity and comparative advantage – impacts on trade Sustainable development Ecotourism

Outsourced industrial production in less developed countries often relies on female labor because
Men are engaged mainly in agriculture Wage rates for women are much lower than for men Women are more skilled at operating machinery than men are Social taboos prevent women from working in the service sector Women are not protected by international labor laws

Compared with more developed countries, which of the following statements is true of less developed countries? A higher percent of the labor force is engaged in food production The population pyramids exhibit narrower bases The per capita consumption of energy is higher The natural increase of the population is lower Fertility rates are lower

Free trade zones such as the countries of NAFTA are established to increase the ease and volume of international trade by Increasing diplomatic relations between member states Opening borders to migrant guest workers from member states Establishing a common monetary unit among member states Offering large economic-0development loans to poorer member states Eliminating tariffs on goods that cross borders between member states

What would be the most profitable location for an ethanol plant that converts corn into alcohol for use as an additive for gasoline? Near a large university to facilitate recruitment of highly trained chemists Near a break-of-bulk point for ease of transportation Near a navigable river to reduce transportation costs to distant markets Near a prime corn-producing area to minimize transportation costs of raw materials Near a large metropolitan area to serve a major market

It is generally agreed that the current trend in climate change is caused by
Sea-level rise Increased use of fossil fuels Reduction in biodiversity Tilt of Earth’s axis Changes in the velocity of ocean currents

Environmental laws, labor availability, and access to markets are major factors affecting which of the following? Political affiliation Gross Domestic Product Property tax rates Manufacturing locations Transportation costs

Cities and urban land use
Unit seven Cities and urban land use

Christaller’s central place theory
Range and threshold Hexagon shapes Larger businesses have a larger range and threshold Hierarchy: hamlet, village, town, city, metropolis, megalopolis

Christaller’s Central Place Theory
FIGURE CENTRAL PLACE THEORY According to central place theory, market areas are arranged in a regular pattern. Larger market areas, based in larger settlements, are fewer in number and farther apart from each other than smaller market areas and settlements. However, larger settlements also provide goods and services with smaller market areas; consequently, larger settlements have both larger and smaller market areas drawn around them.

Major world cities Global cities - New York, London are A++ Most populated city – Tokyo Rank-size rule – United States (mostly MDCs) Primate city rule – London, Paris, Buenos Aires, Mexico City (mostly LDCs) Gravity model – population and distance

Global Cities FIGURE Global Cities Global cities are centers for the provision of services in the global economy. London and New York, the two dominant global cities, are ranked as alpha++. Other alpha, beta, and gamma global cities play somewhat less central roles in the provision of services than the two dominant global cities. Cities ranked alpha++ and alpha+ are labeled on the map. Global cities are centers for the provision of services in the global economy. London and New York, the two dominant global cities, are ranked as alpha++.

Global Cities in North America
FIGURE Global Cities In North America Atop the hierarchy of business services are New York and Chicago.

Countries without a Primate City

Urban issues and solutions
Suburban sprawl Redlining Blockbusting Public housing Filtering Gentrification New Urbanism Greenbelts Slums Squatter settlements

Urban city models Burgess - concentric zone model Hoyt - sector model Harris-Ullman - multiple nuclei Harris - Galactic city model Vance - Urban realms model Griffin-Ford - Latin America – spine of high-quality housing European - historical influence McGee – Southeast Asian – ports for trade De Blij - African – colonial CBD, Islamic influence

Concentric Zone Model - burgess
FIGURE 13-9 CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL According to this model, a city grows in a series of rings that surround the central business district.

Bid-rent Theory Burgess is based on the bid-rent curve:

Hoyt Sector Model FIGURE SECTOR MODEL According to this model, a city grows in a series of wedges or corridors, which extend out from the central business district.

Harris-Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model
FIGURE MULTIPLE NUCLEI MODEL According to this model, a city consists of a collection of individual nodes, or centers, around which different types of people and activities cluster.

Galactic City Model (Peripheral Model) - Harris

Urban Realms Model - vance

Model of a Latin American City (Griffin-Ford)
Wealthy people live in the inner city and a sector extending along a commercial spine. FIGURE MODEL OF A LATIN AMERICAN CITY (Adapted from Larry R. Ford, “A New and Improved Model of Latin American City Structure,” Geographical Review 86 (1996): 438. Used by permission of the publisher.)

African city model – de blij

Southeast Asian City Model - mcgee

Why Are Urban Areas Expanding?

Borchert’s Epochs of Urban Growth

Past frq’s 2001 – North American metropolitan growth/suburbs
2002 – households headed by women/Hoyt model 2004 – demographics and the city (bid-rent, population pyramids) 2005 – revitalization of the Central Business District 2009 – squatter settlements 2011 – Mexico primate city/rank-size rule 2013 – railways and highways in U.S. (Borchert)

FRQ predictions World cities and megacities – functions, distributions, future growth Gravity model – interactions between cities Multiple nuclei model – growth of suburbs Galactic city model – growth of suburbs Latin American city model Sustainable (smart) design for cities Central place theory – threshold and range

According to central place theory, the threshold is defined as the
Economic base of a central place Distance away from a central place Gross value of the product minus the costs of production Minimum number of people needed to support a service Point at which consumer movement is minimum

Which of the following best describes the process of gentrification in the U.S. and Canadian cities?
An increase in construction of new housing for elderly and retired persons Privately funded redevelopment of existing commercial and residential buildings Government-led planning of public spaces such as parks and riverfronts The sale of naming rights for stadiums and arenas The expansion of suburban housing developments on the urban periphery

Squatter settlements exist in cities of less developed countries because
City governments set aside vacant areas for new migrants People want to live near the center of the city, where jobs are located Affordable housing is not available elsewhere for new migrants to the city New migrants prefer to live in squatter settlements with other recent migrants New migrants need to be isolated from the other city residents until they adjust to urban life

According to the rank-size rule, if the largest city in a region has a population of 900,000, then the third-largest city will have a population of 3,000 9,000 45,000 300,000 900,000

Since 1960 brazil, Kazakhstan, Myanmar, Pakistan, and Tanzania have relocated their capital cities. Which of the following statements about the new locations is true for all five countries? A militarily strategic location was chosen An isolated location was chosen An ethnically mixed location was chosen A more central location was chosen A coastal location was chosen

Introduction to geography

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