1. U.S. History Chapter 28 “The Conservative Resurgence: 1980-1993”
28-1: The Conservative Movement Grows

2. Two View: Liberal v. Conservative
Less government in economy (Lower Taxes, Free Market, Private Business)
More Government intervention social issues (Ban Gay Marriage, Abortion…etc)
Feel that the U.S. needed to protect itself and should not be bound by international mandates (U.N.)
Tended to be Republicans
*Referred to as ‘Right Wing’
Liberal
More government intervention in economy (Welfare, Medicaid…etc.)
Less government intervention in social issues (Support abortion, Gay Marriage)
Favor cooperating with international organizations (U.N.)
Tended to be Democrats
* Referred to as ‘Left Wing’

3. Liberals...Big Gov’t
Often times, (D) were named Liberal...left wing, progressive; high taxes
Fed gov’t should play a big role in helping Americans
They like social programs that helped the poor, unemployed and elderly
Favored civil rights legislation and working with international organizations like the UN
Regulating the Economy

4. Conservatives...Small Gov’t
Oftentimes (R) were named conservative...right wing; low taxes
Large gov’ts threatened economic growth and individual choice, some warned about abandoning traditional values in favor of the Counterculture and some warned of Communist….this was called the New Right
They wanted to reduce taxes and deregulate industry

5. The Conservative Movement Gains Strength
1940’s-1950’s Both parties supported “Containment”
1960’s: Conservatives became highly critical of liberal agenda
New Right: Coalition that included: Christian Fundamentalists, Cold War ‘Warriors’, Fiscal Conservatives, and Middle Class Americans fed up with chaos and insecurity

6. Liberalism Loses Its Appeal
Vietnam War
Urban Riots
Political Extremism (Weathermen)
Excesses of the Counterculture
Lack of respect for authority

7. Conservatism Grows in the Late 1970’s and Early 1980’s
The Conservative movement grew as Watergate, the oil crisis and Iran Hostage Crisis happened.
Some thought liberals were to blame for stagflation and that welfare programs rewarded lack of effort

8. Stonewall Riots
Violent demonstrations against a police raid - June 28, in NYC.
Often referred to as the 1st time US history when gays and lesbians fought back
Some mark it as the start of the Gay Rights Movement

9. The New Right Criticizes Liberal Programs
Unfunded Mandates: “Entitlements”-guaranteed government payouts to certain segments of American society
Taxes were too high and money was being spent on wrong programs
Welfare- Rewarded “lack of effort”
High Taxes- Punished hard work and success
Affirmative Action : Reverse Discrimination

10. Religious Participation Rises
Moral Majority: Jerry Falwell: Political organization looking to achieve religious goals
Worked to overturn Engel v. Vitale (Forbid teaching of religion in public schools)
Worked to overturn Roe v. Wade (Abortion Rights)
Condemned the Equal Rights Amendment (Would destroy American families if women entered the workforce full time)
Spoke out against Homosexuality (AIDS)

11. Population Trends Boost Conservatism
Liberals tended to live in cities
As Americans began to move to the suburbs, their political ideas began to change
“Rust Belt – Sun Belt” Migration: Americans began moving from the Industrialized Northeast to the Southwest which tended to be more Conservative
Conservatives used the “Busing” issue to grab moderate liberal voters
Southerners shifted their allegiance from the Democratic Party to the Republican Party after the passage of the Civil Rights Act

12. Reagan Wins the Presidency
Ronald Reagan: Former Democrat, Actor, President of the Screen Actor’s Guild, and Governor of California
Reagan shifted to the Republican Party because he detested Communism
1980 Presidential Election: Reagan took a “strong” stance on extremism while Carter was viewed as “weak”
Reagan showed his ability to “communicate” during the televised debate

13. 1980 Election Reagan + Bush vs Carter + Mondale
Reagan ran on SC decisions, abortion, porn, evolution, prayer in schools, Iranian hostage crisis, weak economy, small gov’t, defense
He asked, “Are you better off than you were 4 yrs ago?”
Reagan was called the “Great Communicator” b/c he could talk well and won by taking 44 states

14. U.S. History Chapter 28 “The Conservative Resurgence: 1980-1993”
28-2: The Reagan Revolution

15. A Term ALMOST Cut Short
March 30th, 1981: Reagan was shot after by John Hinckley Jr. and almost died
Reagan: “I hope you guys are Republicans”
Doctor: “Today, we are all Republicans”

16. Reaganomics – 3 things
1) Budget cut – he cut areas of gov’t spending – 10% to urban mass transit, food stamps, welfare, job training, school lunches
2) Tax cut – cut by 25% over 3 yrs...Economic Recovery Act 1981…the idea is that it would put more $ in people’s pockets and they’d spend more
Supply side economics - Idea of reducing taxes, so people have more money to spend. When people spend more, then businesses will open and hire workers
*The government will collect more taxes by lowering tax rates!
Trickle-down economics – the largest tax cuts went to people w/ highest income b/c the idea was that if they have more $ they will give their workers raises and the $ will trickle down

17. Cold War Defense Spending
3) Increased defense spending – between and 1984 defense spending doubled
Star Wars – in 1983, Reagan wanted to be protected from enemy missiles…this was known as Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) or “Star Wars” and was estimated to cost over $500 billion.

18. Reagan’s Deregulation
He removed price controls on oil and eliminated inspections for nursing homes, deregulated the airlines and Saving & Loans…this lowered prices and increased competition
He also cut the budget of EPA and opened the continental shelf to be drilled for oil...timber cutting in forests and sold land to developers

19. Reaganomics Works...Sort Of
When Reagan took over the country was in a recession from July ‘81 – Nov ‘82 but soon recovered spurred on by his tax cuts
The stock market went up, unemployment went down and GDP went up
However, by end of 1st term, national debt almost doubled

20. Recession and Recovery
: U.S. experienced a severe recession (Only recently outdone by the “Great Recession” of 2008)
Unemployment hit 10%
1983: Inflation fell as oil prices fell
Economy turned around
Income Gap Between Wealthy and Middle Class grew

21. Problems With Budget Deficits
Budget Deficit: Government spends more than it collects in taxes
1981: $79,000,000,000
1986: $221,000,000,000
National Debt.: Amount of money federal government owes to owners of government bonds rose to $2,500,000,000,000
Savings & Loan Scandal: 1,000 S&L Banks Failed because of risky loans
Reagan spent $200,000,000: to “bail out” banks

22. Conservative Strength Grows
Election of 1984: Reagan defeated Walter Mondale
Geraldine Ferraro: Ran as Mondale’s V.P. Candidate (First Woman)
*Democrats took kept control of the House of Representatives

23. Conservative Supreme Court Justices and the Equal Access Act
Reagan appointed three new Supreme Court Justices (Reagan hoped to reverse the liberal “shift” of the Warren and Burger Courts)
Sandra Day O’Conner: First female justice “Moderate” who upheld Roe v. Wade
Antonin Scalia: Conservative
Anthony Kennedy: Conservative
William Rehnquist: was already on court but was promoted to Chief Justice
Equal Access Act: required public schools to allow ANY organization to use school facilities (religious or not)
Board of Education of Westside Community Schools v. Mergens: Upheld Equal Access Act

24. George H.W. Bush Becomes President
Reagan’s Vice President
WWII Pilot (Shot Down)
CIA Director
Defeated Michael Dukakis in 1988
“Read my lips, no new taxes”
If Americans volunteered more, then taxes would stay low
Bush & Quayle beat Dukakis by promising no new taxes, conservative ideas and hurting Dukakis with negative ads...(ex. Willie Horton)
Lowest voter turnout in 64 yrs

25. Confronting Challenging Issues
1981: Air-traffic controllers went on strike: Reagan refused to negotiate and fired the workers
Social Security: As the Baby Boomers age, then number of people collecting Social Security was growing while the number of people paying in was shrinking
Reagan raised minimum retirement age to 62
1983: “ A Nation at Risk”: Book that outlined how American tests scores were falling compared to the rest of the world

26. Confronting Challenging Issues
Vouchers- Tax payer funded government checks that could be used for tuition at private (religious) schools
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) – In the 1980’s aids became a big worry…it destroys the immune system…you can only get it through the transfer of bodily fluids
1981: First U.S. Case
1994: 250,000 Americans had died from AIDS
Reagan responded slowly because AIDS was affecting Homosexuals and Immigrants at the outset (Mostly Democrats)
Today: AIDS as infected over 50,000,000 people world wide
Abortion – in Webster v Reproductive Health Care, SC ruled that states can impose restrictions
Drugs – Nancy Reagan coined “just say no”
Education and Urban situation – Rodney King, the cities were poor w/ homeless and financial gaps getting bigger

27. Challenger Disaster
Jan 28, 1986 – the space shuttle Challenger exploded 73 sec after takeoff
Christa McAuliffe, a teacher from NH, would have been the 1st private citizen to enter space.

28. U.S. History Chapter 28 “Conservative Resurgence: 1980-1993”
28-3: The End of the Cold War

29. Reagan Challenges Communism
Reagan compared the Soviet Union to a “House of Cards”
He did not think the Soviet economy could hold up against the U.S. if he pressured it to spend more and more money on the military
Reagan spent Billions of dollars in defense (B-1; B-2 Bombers)
Reagan also put new missiles in Europe

30. Reagan Builds up the Military
Strategic Defense Initiative: Plan to use land and space based “lasers” to destroy missiles before they hit the United States
*Many critics called the plan “Star Wars” after the popular movie (Thought it was unrealistic)

31. Reagan Aids Anti-Communists
Mujahadeen: Anti Soviet rebels that the CIA helped in Afghanistan (Became the USSR’s “Vietnam”)
Contras: Anti-communist revolutionaries who were trying to over throw the Soviet backed “Sandinista” government
El Salvador: Reagan provided aid to government, so it could resist “leftist” rebels
Grenada: 1983: U.S. Troops invaded Island to prevent it from becoming Communist, and also rescued trapped American medical students.

32. Gorbachev Pursues Reforms
Mikhail Gorbachev: Became president of the USSR in 1985
Glasnost: “a new openess” (Open debate/criticism of government)
Perestroika: Movement away from Communism to Capitalism
USSR economy was “in shambles”
*War in Afghanistan and military buildup broke the USSR

33. The Two Leaders Meet
Reagan and Gorbachev become “friends” and Cold War tensions begin to deescalate
START I: Both sides agreed to reduce the number of nuclear weapons in the world
June 12th, 1987: Reagan gave a speech at the “Brandenburg Gate” of the Berlin Wall
“Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall”
*The Berlin Wall had been a physical symbol of the Cold War and separated East Berlin from West Berlin

34. “...Tear Down This Wall...”
Oct 89: E. Germany gave up communist gov’t and on 11/9/89 Berlin wall came down
1990: E. Germany held it’s 1st free election, since WWII and on 10/3/90 the two sides were united
Other European nations went Democratic but ethnic wars between Muslims orthodox Serbs and catholic Croats were causing problem...Ethnic Cleansing

35. The Cold War Ends
: The USSR began to break apart into independent republics 1989: (Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary)
Communism Ends in Eastern Europe
November 1989: Berlin Wall Falls
1990: Albania became independent
1991: Yugoslavia Became Independent

36. The Soviet Union Breaks Apart
August 1991: Hard line Communist attempt a “coup” to overthrow the government
Boris Yelstin: Led millions of Russians in the streets and the coup failed
The Communist Government fell apart and Yeltsin became the president of the “Russian Federation”
1992: President George H.W. Bush and Boris Yeltsin Pledge “friendship” and cooperation.
* The USSR was an ally of the U.S. during the first Persian Gulf War!

37. Trouble Persists in the Middle East
Lebanon: 1982: Reagan sent a peacekeeping force
Beruit, Lebanon: a truck bomb killed 241 Marines in a barracks
Libya: Muamar al-Qaddafi: Leader who openly supported terrorist attacks against the U.S., Israel, and their Allies
1986: Reagan bombed Libya after a Berlin nightclub bombing; Qaddafi’s daughter was killed; Qaddafi quit criticizing the U.S.
Pan Am Flight 103: Libyan terrorists blow up a plane over Scotland

38. Iran
Jan. 20th, 1980: All 52 American Hostages were released after Reagan was sworn in
Iran Contra Affair- 1985: U.S. sold weapons to Iran (for promise to pressure Lebanon into releasing U.S. Hostages) and used the money to fund the “Contras” (Anti-Communist Rebels in Nicaragua)
*1983: Congress banned sending money to the “Contras” (Boland Amendment)
* Oliver North- Convicted
*Reagan was never tied to the scandal

39. U.S. History Chapter 28 “Conservative Resurgence: 1980-1993”
28-4: Foreign Policy After the Cold War

40. “A New World Order”
Dec 1991 – 14 non Russian republics declared their independence from USSR…Gorbachev lost power
Commonwealth of Independent states took USSR’s place
In Feb 1992, Bush and Russian president, Boris Yeltsin said Cold War was over
In Jan 1993, they signed START II pact to cut nuclear arsenals by 2/3

41. A New Role in the World
U.S. became the only unopposed “superpower” after the collapse of the USSR
1988: George H.W. Bush Elected
Graduate of Yale
WWII Veteran
U.S. Ambassador to United Nations
Director of the CIA
Ronald Reagan’s Vice President

42. Latin America and the War on Drugs
1980’s-1990’s: Democracy sweeps through Latin America
Nicaragua: Free Elections
El Salvador: Civil War Ended
Chile: Augusto Pinochet stepped down as dictator
“War on Drugs” started under Nixon
Bush arrested Eduardo Martinez Romera- for financing drug cartels in Colombia
1989: 12,000 U.S. Troops invaded Panama and arrested Manuel Noriega and brought him back to the U.S.

43. China Cracks Down on Critics
1989: Chinese students who were hoping to ride the “wave of revolutions” that toppled the Communist government of the USSR began to protest the Chinese Government
Tiananmen Square- Student protestors occupy the square in the middle of Beijing
June 4th, Chinese tanks rolled into the square and crushed the rebellion

44. Change Across South Africa
Apartheid- Rigid Racial Segregation (Blacks were he MAJORITY) in S. Africa but had very few rights
1962: Nelson Mandela- was arrested and imprisoned for 28 years for daring to stand up to the system
*1980’s Protests against Apartheid grew and the U.S. began to pull financial support from the government
*Divested- private companies withdrew investments
* Bush met Mandela when he was released from prison in 1990
1994: Nelson Mandela was elected the President of S. Africa in the nations FIRST DEMOCRATIC Elections

45. Peacekeeping and Police Actions
1991: Yugoslavia descended into a bloody civil war (Croatians/Serbians)
*Bush refused to send troops (Memory of Vietnam still fresh)
1992: Bush finally backed a U.N. Peacekeeping force in Bosnia (150,000 Civilians had been killed)
Somalia: 1992: “Operation Restore Hope” U.S. Marines landed to force a cease fire between rival “warlords” to restore order and deliver food...it worked, as long as US troops were there
The decision was supported but media soon turned it into a disaster when Black Hawk Down happened a year later.

46. The Persian Gulf August 2, 1990: Iraq Invaded Kuwait Causes
Saddam Hussein: “Ruthless” dictator who ruled Iraq since 1979
Iran and Iraq fought in the 80’s and Iraq was in debt
Hussein wanted Kuwait’s oil reserves (Hussein would then own 20% or the world’s oil)
Saudi Arabia feared they were next on Hussein’s list- Asked the U.S. for help
If Iraq went into Saudi Arabia as well it would control ½ of the world’s oil
Bush set up an international coalition and passed a UN Resolution demanding that Iraq withdraw from Kuwait- Iraq refused
*Stories of “atrocities” being committed by Iraqi troops started to surface

47. Operation Desert Storm
700,000 Troops had assembled in Saudi Arabia by late 1990
500,000 U.S.
Britain
France
Egypt
Saudi Arabia
Russia
Japan
Germany
Operation Desert Storm- Jan. 16th, 1991 Name given to attack on Iraqi forces
Colin Powell - Head of Joint Chiefs of Staff
“Stormin’ Norman Schwarzkopf - General in charge of Desert Storm
Feb. 23rd, Coalition troops attack Iraqi forces in Kuwait and win a short, decisive ground war
*Bush decided to stop with liberating Kuwait and chose not to invade Iraq (Not the original goal)
Iraq lost 25,000 Troops
U.S. 148