2. Umer draz MSF1700020

3. What is Microcephaly  Microcephaly is the term for a baby’s head that is smaller than expected when compared to babies of the same sex and age.

4. Case study:  About 100 Michigan babies are born with microcephaly each year.  This is about 9 babies in every 10,000 live births.  National estimates range from 2 to 12 babies per 10,000 births.

5. Types of Microcephaly  They are four types of Microcephaly;  Congenital microcephaly  Acquired microcephaly  Proportional microcephaly  Relative microcephaly

6. Congenital microcephaly  When microcephaly is present before or at birth, it is called congenital microcephaly.

7. Acquired microcephaly  When microcephaly develops later in infancy or childhood, it is called acquired microcephaly.

8. Proportional microcephaly  Proportional microcephaly means that the head size, length (or height), and weight are all less than expected in proportion to each other.

9. Relative microcephaly  When the head size is small compared to height and weight, but inside of the normal range for age and sex.

10. Causes of microcephaly  There are many causes of microcephaly;  Some are genetic  Some are environmental

11. Genetic Causes  Chromosomal abnormalities  Downs syndrome  Edwards syndrome (part of an extra 18th chromosome )  Cri-du-chat syndrome ( by deletion of genetic material )

12. Environmental Causes  Cerebral anoxia  Decreased oxygen to the fetal brain  Infections of the fetus during pregnancy  Chickenpox  Rubella  Severe malnutrition  Exposure to drugs, alcohol or certain toxic chemicals

13. Complications  Some children with microcephaly are of normal intelligence and development.  Complications may include:  Developmental delays, such as in speech and movement  Difficulties with coordination and balance  Dwarfism  Facial distortions  Hyperactivity(overactive)  Intellectual disabilities( learning disability)

14. Diagnosis  Family history  Measure the circumference of your child's head  Compare it with a growth chart  Measure Parents' head sizes  CT scan  MRI  Blood tests

15. Measuring Head Circumference  Use a measuring tape that cannot be stretched  1-2 finger-widths above the eyebrow on the forehead – At the most prominent part of the back of the head  Take the measurement three times.

16. Treatment  No treatment  Early childhood intervention programs that include  Speech  Physical  Occupational therapy may help your child strengthen abilities.