1. T.D. Rice and the Invention of Jumpin’ Jim Crow
Thomas “Daddy” Rice
white performer and playwright from New York City, who used African-American vernacular speech, song, and dance to entertain white audiences through the mid-1800s.
Rice’s “Jim Crow” character became synonymous with black inferiority
Spawned popularity of blackface minstrel shows and entertainment and legitimized assaults on black citizenship, rights, and humanity in the free North
Cast African Americans to American and global audiences as uncouth, intruding, and inherently ill-equipped for citizenship
Playbill of Thomas Dartmouth Rice as “Jim Crow”, 1832

3. Sheet Music to “Coal Black Rose,” 1830
Was among the most popular songs sung by white performers in minstrel shows

4. Irish-Americans and Blackface Minstrelsy
Blackface minstrelsy permitted persecuted Irish-Americans to purchase their “whiteness,” specifically by ridiculing and perpetuating denigrating stereotypes about African Americans, who were also their economic competitors

5. Second and third grade children being made up for their Negro song and dance at May Day-Health Day festivities. Ashwood Plantations, South Carolina

6. Slaveholders

7. 25-31% of southern families owned slaves.
Slaveholding in 1850
# of Slaves Owned
Slaveholders 1
68,000
2-4
105,000
5-9
80,000
10-19
55,000
20-49
30,000
50-99
6,000
1,500
200+
250
Individual slaveholders made up ~3% of the southern population in 1860.
25-31% of southern families owned slaves.

8. Georgia and along the Mississippi River.
The largest slave-driven plantations were located in coastal South Carolina and
Georgia and along the Mississippi River.

9. Slaves were also used by the masters and Into southern aristocracy.
mistresses as social accessories to demonstrate their wealth and ascendancy
Into southern aristocracy.

10. Southern Family Pictured with Enslaved Woman Caretaker, ca. 1859

11. Native American Slaveholding in 1860
Cherokees – 4,600 slaves
Choctaws – 2, 344 slaves
Creeks – 1, 532 slaves
Chickasaws – 975 slaves
Seminoles – 300 slaves
By 1860, the Cherokees had 4,600 slaves; the Choctaws, 2,344; the Creeks, 1,532; the Chickasaws, 975; and the Seminoles, 500. Some Indian slave owners were as harsh and cruel as any white slave master. Indians were often hired to catch runaway slaves; in fact, slave-catching was a lucrative way of life for some Indians, especially the Chickasaws.

12. African-American Slaveholders
Numbered 3, 775 in 1830
80% were located in Louisiana, South Carolina, Virginia, and Maryland
50% were city-dwellers, with most in New Orleans and Charleston
Overwhelmingly owned members of their immediate or extended families
In slave societies, nearly everyone – free and slave – aspired to enter the slaveholding class, and upon occasion some former slaves rose into slaveholders’ ranks. Their acceptance was grudging, as they carried the stigma of bondage in their lineage and, in the case of American slavery, color in their skin.

13. Non-Slaveholding Whites

14. Yeoman family in Cedar Mountain, VA, ca. 1862
Lived lives of economic self-sufficiency apart from the market revolution.
Lived outside of the plantation belt since slaveholders monopolized the fertile lands.
Were largely illiterate since the south lacked a free public education system.
Relied on home production to fulfill their needs.
A few yeoman farmers owned 1 to 2 slaves.
Three out of four southern white families owned no slaves during the antebellum era.

15. Published The Impending Crisis of the South (1857)
Criticized the social, political, and economic monopoly of the planter class, which he argued held back the South’s economic and industrial growth
Despised blacks and proposed that slaveholders be taxed and compelled to resettle their slaves in either Africa or Latin America
In 1860, the South produced less than 10% of the nation’s manufactured goods.
Hinton Rowan Helper

16. Slaves

17. Growth of U.S. Slave Population
Year
Slave Population
1790
697,624
1800
893,602
1810
1,191,362
1820
1,538,022
1830
2,009,043
1840
2,487,355
1850
3,204,313
1860
3,953, 760
Slaves made up 39% of the southern population in 1860.
57% of the population in South Carolina were slaves.
49% of families in Mississippi owned slaves.

18. Where was the enslaved population concentrated?

19. Free Blacks in the South

20. % of Total Black Pop. in that Locale total black population.
Free Black Population, 1860
Region
Free Black Pop.
% of Total Black Pop. in that Locale
North
226, 152
100
South
261, 918
6.2
Upper South
224, 963
12.8
Lower South
36, 955
1.5
The largest free black population was located in Maryland, where they made up 49.1 % of the
total black population.
Substantial free black populations could also be found in Virginia, Louisiana, and North Carolina.
Texas had the smallest free black population in 1860 with only 355 free blacks.

21. “I tremble for my country when I reflect that God is just.”
- Thomas Jefferson, 1785
Yet believed in the innate inferiority of blacks. Only freed his children and the relatives of his slave concubine, mistress Sally Hemings.

22. “Many in the South once believed that [slavery] was a moral and political evil…That folly and delusion are gone; we see it now in its true light, and regard it as the most safe and stable basis for free institutions in the world.”
-John C. Calhoun, SC
1837

23. Sources of Sectional Crises of 1850s
Ideological Differences
The Role and Future of Slavery in the U.S.
Namely, will slavery be allowed to expand into the territories

24. First introduced on August 8, 1846
Wilmot Proviso
First introduced on August 8, 1846
Sought to prevent the extension of slavery in any territory acquired as a result of the Mexican-American War
Repeatedly fails to pass in the U.S. Senate; but intensifies sectionalism
David Wilmot (PA)

25. Potential of the MO Compromise 36 30’ Line to Solve Conflict

26. “If we flinch we are gone!”
On the Wilmot Proviso:
“If we flinch we are gone!”
John Calhoun

27. Compromise of 1850
Negotiated by Henry Clay (KY) and Stephen A. Douglas of (IL)
California would enter Union as a free state
Texas border would be adjusted in favor of New Mexico
New Mexico was slated to be organized as two territories (New Mexico and Utah) and when admitted as states they could decide for either slavery and freedom
Slave trade was abolished in the District of Columbia
Enacted a stricter fugitive slave law

29. Accused runaways were prohibited from testifying on their own behalf.
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
Subjected federal officials who did not arrest an alleged runaway slave to a fine of $1,000
Only required a person claiming ownership of slave to submit an affidavit to a federal commissioner, who could accept or reject
Note: Federal commissioners received $5 if they rejected an affidavit and $10 is they ordered the alleged runaways arrest.
Accused runaways were prohibited from testifying on their own behalf.
Subjected free citizens caught aiding fugitive slaves were subject to a $1,000 fine and six months in jail.

30. Impact of Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
Hastened black migration to Canada
Radicalized and increased the ranks of northern abolitionist movement
Led to the enactment of personal liberty laws in 9 northern states, which enabled state attorneys to defend fugitives, appropriated funds to pay their defense costs; and denied the use of public buildings to detain accused escapees

31. The Case of Anthony Burns (1853-1855)
Escaped from slavery in Richmond, VA in 1853 at the age of 19
Arrived in Boston and began working for a clothing dealer
Arrested on May 24, 1854 in Boston; Spurred violent protests among Boston abolitionists, who repeatedly tried to free Burns
Prompted President Franklin Pierce to send in federal marshals
Convicted and returned to his master.
Bostonians raised $1200 to purchase Burns, which they did by 1855

32. Published Uncle Tom’s Cabin in 1852.
Sold over 300,000 copies in its first year in the U.S. and over 1 million copies in Great Britain
Helped increase abolitionist sentiment throughout the North though it relied on racist and sexist depictions of African Americans, since Stowe had extremely limited contact with the South.
Harriet Beecher Stowe

33. Jefferson Davis
U.S. Senator from Mississippi ( )
Future President of the Confederates States of America
“Slave labor is wasteful labor, and it therefore requires a still more extended territory than would the same pursuits if they could be prosecuted by the more economic labor of white men.”

34. The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854
Introduced by U.S. Senator Stephen A. Douglas of IL
Created territories of Nebraska and Kansas
Opened two territories up for settlement and stated that settlers would vote on the issue of permitting slavery before statehood
Repealed section of the MO Compromise that forbade slavery in the Louisiana Purchase north of 36˚30’.

35. U.S. Congressman from Ohio
Salmon P. Chase,
U.S. Senator from Ohio
Joshua Giddings
U.S. Congressman from Ohio
“We arraign this bill as a gross violation of a sacred pledge; as a criminal betrayal of precious rights; as part and parcel of an atrocious plot to exclude from a vast unoccupied region immigrants from the Old World and free laborers from our own States, and convert it into a dreary region of despotism, inhabited by masters and slaves.”
-” Appeal of the Independent Democrats in Congress to the People of the United States,” January 1854

36. Lincoln in letter to Joshua Speed, August 24, 1855
Abraham Lincoln
“Our progress in degeneracy appear to me to be pretty rapid. As a nation, we begin by declaring that ‘all men are created equal.’ We now practically read ‘all men are created equal, except negroes.’ When the Know-Nothings get control, it will read ‘All men are created equal except negroes and foreigners, and Catholics.”
Lincoln in letter to Joshua Speed, August 24, 1855

37. Pottawatomie Massacre
Date: May 24-25, 1856
Brown, his sons, and several abolitionists murdered 5 pro-slavery white settlers at Pottawatomie Creek in Franklin County, Kansas. Led to all-out war in KS.
Catalysts: 1) fraudulent territorial elections in 1855, which authorized slavery, passed a harsh slave code, and disqualified from office anti-slavery citizens; 2) Pierce removal from Andrew Reeder as governor of KS after Reeder refused to use her position to make KS a slave state; and 3) pro-slavery attack on free-state legislature in Lawrence, Kansas in 1856
John Brown, c. 1856

38. Lithograph by John L. Magee, 1856
On May 22, 1856, U.S. House Representative Preston Brooks (SC) viciously beat U.S. Senator Charles Sumner (MA) unconscious after Sumner denounced the violence in Kansas and pro-Slavery South, especially Brooks’s uncle U.S. Senator Andrew Butler (SC).

39. Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) Scott and his family were still slaves
Scott (as a black person and slave) was not a citizen and had no rights
Scott’s stay in Wisconsin did not make him free since Congress did not have the power to exclude slavery from a territory, nor could a territorial legislature
Means popular sovereignty cannot keep slavery from a territory.
Declared the MO Compromise and the NW Ordinance of 1787 unconstitutional
Left fate of KS and NE uncertain

40. Chief Justice of U.S. Supreme Court (1836-1864)
Roger Taney
Chief Justice of U.S. Supreme Court ( )
“It is difficult at this day to realize the state of public opinion in regard to that unfortunate race which prevailed in the civilized and enlightened portions of the world at the time of the Declaration of Independence, and when the Constitution of the United States was framed and adopted; but the public history of every European nation displays it in a manner too plain to be mistaken. They had for more than a century before been regarded as beings of an inferior order, and altogether unfit to associate with the white race, either in social or political relations, and so far unfit that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect.”
-Taney Opinion in Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)

41. Lincoln Douglas Debates

42. Race for U.S. Senate Stephen A. Douglas
Incumbent (D-IL)
Illinois Republicans meet and nominate Abraham Lincoln as their candidate.
He sought to make clear that real differences separated Republicans and Douglas, thereby implicitly rebuking those who had wished to endorse the Little Giant's candidacy.
Lincoln advanced arguments that he would recall in the ensuing debates. He sketched a conspiracy theory that had Douglas acting in concert with Franklin Pierce, Roger Taney, and James Buchanan to make slavery legal everywhere in the United States.
The Kansas-Nebraska Act that Douglas rammed through Congress and Pierce signed repealed the Missouri Compromise and opened free territory to slavery.
Taney's Dred Scott decision gave slaveholders constitutional protection to bring their slave property into the territories.
Buchanan sought to foist a proslavery constitution on the new state of Kansas.
These men were doing the bidding of the dread "Slave Power." Lincoln suggested the next logical step would be a Supreme Court decision permitting slavery anywhere in the United States.

43. 1858 Debates
Formal political debates between Lincoln and Douglas in a campaign for one of Illinois' two United States Senate seats.
Debates launched Lincoln into national prominence.
List of Debates
1. Washington Square, Ottawa, Illinois
2. Freeport, Illinois Over 15,000 people attended the original debate in Freeport, then a town of 5,000. Freeport Doctrine, which was the result of the debate, states people had the right to choose whether or not to exclude slavery from their limits.
3. Union County Fairgrounds, Jonesboro, Illinois Union County Fairgrounds is today part of Shawnee National Forest's Lincoln Park) Union County is south of the Mason-Dixon Line. The debate subject split families into Confederate & Union factions. Over 50 cemeteries throughout Union County tell of many who lost their lives in the War Between the States
4. Coles County Fairgrounds, Charleston, Illinois This was area was very familiar to Lincoln. Lincoln's father had lived and died here. Lincoln's stepmother & many relatives & friends lived here too. Lincoln had a thriving law practice in the community. A majority of the townspeople had come from Kentucky and Tennessee, moving north to avoid competition with slave labor. Most were poor and believed they had no chance to win out in the competition with slave labor.
5. Old Main, Knox College, Galesburg, Illinois The east side on East South St. between Cedar and South Cherry Streets was the site of the original debate. This location has the only currently remain structure from the original debates.
6. Washington Park, Quincy, Illinois
7. Broadway & Market Streets, Alton, Illinois

44. Issues of the Debates Expansion of slavery Popular sovereignty
Dred Scott decision
African American Citizenship
The question of the extension of slavery into the territories acquired from Mexico dominated the seven debates. Crowds in the thousands turned out to witness the exchanges, and newspapers provided detailed coverage for people throughout the nation. The most notable exchange occurred at Freeport on August 27, 1858.
At Freeport, Lincoln attempted to exploit the weakness of the popular sovereignty doctrine imposed by the Dred Scott decision and, in the process, put Douglas on the spot. Lincoln asked, "Can the people of a United States Territory [lawfully] exclude slavery from its limits prior to the formation of a state constitution?" Douglas had two choices: (1) if he answered in the negative he would be admitting that his pet doctrine of popular sovereignty had been trumped by the Supreme Court, and he would probably lose the support of Northern Democrats and his Senate seat; (2) if he answered in the affirmative, as indeed he did, he would jeopardize his presidential ambitions by alienating Southern Democrats.
Douglas's answer, known as the Freeport Doctrine, achieved its prime objective. He satisfied Democratic politicians in Illinois and was able to defeat Lincoln for the Senate seat. For Lincoln, this was not a devastating political loss. He had emerged as a nationally recognized figure and a leading contender for the Republican nomination in 1860.

45. Abraham Lincoln
“If we could first know where we are and whither we are tending, we could better judge what to do and how to do it. We are now far into the fifth year since a policy was initiated with the avowed object and confident promise of putting an end to slavery agitation. Under the operation of that policy, that agitation has not only not ceased but has constantly augmented. In my opinion, it will not cease until a crisis shall have been reached and passed. "A house divided against itself cannot stand." I believe this government cannot endure, permanently, half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved; I do not expect the house to fall; but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other. Either the opponents of slavery will arrest the further spread of it and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction, or its advocates will push it forward till it shall become alike lawful in all the states, old as well as new, North as well as South.”

46. Harper Ferry’s Raid
Designed plan to create a slave revolution to bring down slavery
Raised funds in abolitionist circles throughout New England, though most thought the plan undesirable
With sons and an interracial band of supporters raided the federal armory at Harpers Ferry in present-day West Virginia on Oct. 16, 1859
Eventually captured, tried, convicted, and executed for treason.
John Brown, 1859

47. "I, John Brown, am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with blood. I had, as I now think, vainly flattered myself that without very much bloodshed it might be done.“ - December 2, 1859, the day of his execution

48. “Let the consequences be what they may, whether the Potomac is crimsoned in human gore, and Pennsylvania Avenue is paved ten fathoms deep with mangled bodies or whether the last vestige of liberty is swept from the face of the American Continent, the South will never submit to such humiliation and degradation as the inauguration of Abraham Lincoln.” - The Atlanta Confederacy, 1860

49. U.S. Presidential Election of 1860

50. Southern Secession before War
South Carolina – December 20, 1860
Mississippi – January 9, 1861
Florida – January 10, 1861
Alabama – January 11, 1861
Georgia – January 19, 1861
Louisiana – January 26, 1861
Texas – February 1, 1861

51. Why did the deep South states secede after the presidential election of 1860?

52. “A house divided against itself cannot stand
“A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure, permanently, half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved — I do not expect the house to fall — but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing or all the other. Either the opponents of slavery will arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction; or its advocates will push it forward, till it shall become lawful in all the States, old as well as new — North as well as South.”
-Abraham Lincoln
From Speech on June 17, 1858 in Springfield, Illinois When He Accepted the Republican Nomination for the state’s U.S. Senator -

53. “We affirm that these ends for which this Government was instituted have been defeated, and the Government itself has been made destructive of them by the action of the non-slaveholding States. Those States have assume the right of deciding upon the propriety of our domestic institutions; and have denied the rights of property established in fifteen of the States and recognized by the Constitution; they have denounced as sinful the institution of slavery; they have permitted open establishment among them of societies, whose avowed object is to disturb the peace and to eloign the property of the citizens of other States. They have encouraged and assisted thousands of our slaves to leave their homes; and those who remain, have been incited by emissaries, books and pictures to servile insurrection.
For twenty-five years this agitation has been steadily increasing…A geographical line has been drawn across the Union, and all the States north of that line have united in the election of a man to the high office of President of the United States, whose opinions and purposes are hostile to slavery. He is to be entrusted with the administration of the common Government, because he has declared that that "Government cannot endure permanently half slave, half free," and that the public mind must rest in the belief that slavery is in the course of ultimate extinction.”
-Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union, Dec. 20, 1860

54. “In the momentous step which our State has taken of dissolving its connection with the government of which we so long formed a part, it is but just that we should declare the prominent reasons which have induced our course.
Our position is thoroughly identified with the institution of slavery-- the greatest material interest of the world. Its labor supplies the product which constitutes by far the largest and most important portions of commerce of the earth. These products are peculiar to the climate verging on the tropical regions, and by an imperious law of nature, none but the black race can bear exposure to the tropical sun. These products have become necessities of the world, and a blow at slavery is a blow at commerce and civilization. That blow has been long aimed at the institution, and was at the point of reaching its consummation. There was no choice left us but submission to the mandates of abolition, or a dissolution of the Union, whose principles had been subverted to work out our ruin.“
-A Declaration of the Immediate Causes which Induce and Justify the Secession of the State of Mississippi from the Federal Union, Jan. 9, 1861