1. Revision Rules There will be a major exam on these.
Revision Exam REVIEW
Revision Rules
There will be a major exam on these.
Fill in the blanks in your packet as we go.
Let’s start by reviewing leads from yesterday.

2. Leads
What is the difference between a QUOTATION lead and a DIALOGUE lead?
Quotation – from a famous _______ or ________, play, etc. (“To be or not to be.”)
Dialogue – a character actually ________ _________(“My mom is gonna barf!”)

3. Leads
What is the difference between a QUOTATION lead and a DIALOGUE lead?
Quotation – from a famous _______ or ________, play, etc. (“To be or not to be.”)

4. Leads
What is the difference between a QUOTATION lead and a DIALOGUE lead?
Quotation – from a famous person or book , play, etc. (“To be or not to be.”)

5. Leads
What is the difference between a QUOTATION lead and a DIALOGUE lead?
Quotation – from a famous person or book , play, etc. (“To be or not to be.”)
Dialogue – a character actually ________ _________(“My mom is gonna barf!”)

6. Leads
What is the difference between a QUOTATION lead and a DIALOGUE lead?
Quotation – from a famous person or book , play, etc. (“To be or not to be.”)
Dialogue – a character actually says something (“My mom is gonna barf!”)

7. Leads
What is the difference between a THOUGHT lead and a STATEMENT lead?
Thought – starting off with what went through the narrator’s or character’s mind at a _________________________.
Statement – the narrator makes a ______ remark that is ______________________ of action, description, or any of the other leads.

8. Leads
What is the difference between a THOUGHT lead and a STATEMENT lead?
Thought – starting off with what went through the narrator’s or character’s mind at a _________________________.

9. Leads
What is the difference between a THOUGHT lead and a STATEMENT lead?
Thought – starting off with what went through the narrator’s or character’s mind at a given moment.

10. Leads
What is the difference between a THOUGHT lead and a STATEMENT lead?
Thought – starting off with what went through the narrator’s or character’s mind at a given moment.
Statement – the narrator makes a ______ remark that is ______________________ of action, description, or any of the other leads.

11. Leads
What is the difference between a THOUGHT lead and a STATEMENT lead?
Thought – starting off with what went through the narrator’s or character’s mind at a given moment.
Statement – the narrator makes a factual remark that is not a strong example of action, description, or any of the other leads.

12. Comma Rule #1
Use a comma and a FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) between two sentences or INDEPENDENT CLAUSES.
For
And
Nor
But Or
Yet So I
(SENTENCE) I
(SENTENCE) ,

13. I, FANBOYS I I = Independent Clause:
it includes a subject and a verb, and it is a complete thought.
subj. verb subj. verb
She had loads of money, and she thought she
was happy.
Notice that on each side of the FANBOYS there is a subject/verb and they make a complete thought. We must have a comma before the FANBOYS (in this case, “and”).

14. I, FANBOYS I What about this: She had a nice car and loads of money.
subj. verb subj.
She had a nice car and loads of money.
There is no independent clause after the FANBOYS because there is no subject and verb, so no comma is needed before the “and.”

15. Comma Rule #2 ________________, I ,
Put a comma AFTER ANYTHING which precedes the independent clause in a sentence.
subj. verb (and this makes a complete thought)
Before we went to class we talked to our friends in the hall.
subj. verb (but “Before we went to class” is not a complete thought)
So...the comma goes right before the complete thought
Do NOT use a comma if the independent clause comes first:
We talked to our friends in the hall before we went to class.
NOT
We talked to our friends in the hall, before we went to class. ,

16. ________________, I
Again, look for the I (independent clause) by finding the subject/verb and asking yourself if it is a complete thought:
subj subj.verb
In regard to your request for an extension it is likely that it will be granted.
We need to add a comma before that independent clause:
In regard to your request for an extension, it is likely that it will be granted.

17. ________________, I Where does the comma go? subj. subj. verb
During the last twenty years the company’s profits have tripled.

18. ________________, I Where does the comma go? subj. subj. verb
During the last twenty years, the company’s profits have tripled.
subj. verb subj verb
The matter being settled the boss continued his report.
(first S-V is not a complete thought)

19. ________________, I Where does the comma go? subj. subj. verb
During the last twenty years, the company’s profits have tripled.
subj. verb subj verb
The matter being settled, the boss continued his report.
(first S-V is not a complete thought)

20. Comma Rule #3 , unnecessary,
Put commas around anything which is UNNECESSARY to the meaning of the sentence.
Ex. Mr. Irish, our teacher, is crazy (UNNECESSARY)
The actor Tom Cruise is a scientologist. (NECESSARY)

21. , unnecessary, Other examples: Henry Jones, Jr., found the Holy Grail.
This is the office of David Banner, M.D.

22. ________, __________, and __________
Comma Rule #4
________, __________, and __________
When listing things in a series, separate the elements with commas.
Newspapers and magazines like to omit the last comma to save space/money, but this can cause confusion, so it is better to include it.

23. ________, __________, and __________
Incorrect: The street was filled with angry protestors, shouting spectators and police. (Leaving out the last comma makes it look like the police were shouting, too.)
Correct: The street was filled with angry protestors, shouting spectators, and police. (Makes it clearer.)

24. Four Comma Rules

25. Four Comma Rules I , FANBOYS I __________ , I , unnecessary ,
_________ , _________ , and _________

26. Four Comma Rules What does the “I” mean? ________________, which is…
What does the “__________” mean?
________, which is…

27. Four Comma Rules
What does the “I” mean?
________________, which is…

28. Four Comma Rules What does the “I” mean? Independent Clause, which is…
________________

29. Four Comma Rules What does the “I” mean? Independent Clause, which is…
a complete thought

30. Four Comma Rules What does the “I” mean? Independent Clause, which is…
a complete thought
What does the “__________” mean?
________, which is…

31. Four Comma Rules What does the “I” mean? Independent Clause, which is…
a complete thought
What does the “__________” mean?
Phrase, which is…
________________

32. Four Comma Rules What does the “I” mean? Independent Clause, which is…
a complete thought
What does the “__________” mean?
Phrase, which is…
incomplete thought

33. Fix this sentence: Next year we’re planting snapdragons, lilies and tulips and we’re planting an herb garden as well.

34. I = Independent Clause (begins w/ the subject)
____ , ____ , and ____
Next year, we’re planting snapdragons, lilies, and tulips, and we’re planting an herb garden as well.
I , FANBOYS I

35. Fix this sentence: Luke’s father the dark lord of the Sith told Luke the secret of his heritage. As a result Luke resented Ben Kenobi for lying to him.

36. , unnecessary phrase ,
Luke’s father, the dark lord of the Sith, told Luke the secret of his heritage. As a result, Luke resented Ben Kenobi for lying to him.
________ , I

37. Fix this sentence: Living in a small agricultural community a person feels close to the earth, and in control of his world.

38. ________ , I
Living in a small agricultural community, a person feels close to the earth , and in control of his world.
This does not begin with a subject (is not independent). Therefore, the I , FANBOYS I rule does not apply.

39. Fix this sentence: When I watch Raiders of the Lost Ark I flip in my chair, because it is the greatest film ever made.

40. This is an adverb clause because, like adverbs, it tells when, why, how, or to what extent. When an adverb clause begins the sentence, it follows the _______ , I rule.
When I watch Raiders of the Lost Ark, I flip in my chair, because it is the greatest film ever made.

41. This is an adverb clause, too.
When an adverb clause finishes the sentence, there is no need for a comma.
When I watch Raiders of the Lost Ark, I flip in my chair, because it is the greatest film ever made.

42. ________________, I with Participial Phrases
Participles
end with –ing or –ed
look like verbs (actions)
act like adjectives (describe nouns)
Examples: “playing children” or “disgusted teacher”
Participial phrases
are more than one word
one of the words ends with –ing or –ed
the whole phrase describes a noun
Example: Running for his life, Tom eventually escaped.
describes the noun teacher
describes Tom

43. ________________, I with Participial Phrases
Participial Phrases allow you to combine sentences for more variety:
Sergeant Simpson reprimanded the private very severely. He forcefully removed one of his stripes.
COMBINED:
(Underline the participial phrase)
Reprimanding the private very severely, Sergeant Simpson forcefully removed one of his stripes.

44. ________________, I with Participial Phrases
Participial Phrases allow you to combine sentences for more variety:
Sergeant Simpson reprimanded the private very severely. He forcefully removed one of his stripes.
COMBINED:
(Underline the participial phrase)
Reprimanding the private very severely, Sergeant Simpson forcefully removed one of his stripes.

45. ________________, I with Participial Phrases
Participial Phrases allow you to combine sentences for more variety:
Sergeant Simpson reprimanded the private very severely. He forcefully removed one of his stripes.
COMBINED:
(Underline the participial phrase)
Reprimanding the private very severely, Sergeant Simpson forcefully removed one of his stripes.
You can also put the participial phrase AFTER the noun it describes:
Sergeant Simpson, reprimanding the private very severely, forcefully removed one of his stripes.
Putting the participial phrase AFTER the noun follows the rule of , unnecessary ,

46. ________________, I with Participial Phrases
Participial Phrases allow you to combine sentences for more variety:
Sergeant Simpson reprimanded the private very severely. He forcefully removed one of his stripes.
COMBINED:
(Underline the participial phrase)
Reprimanding the private very severely, Sergeant Simpson forcefully removed one of his stripes.
You can also put the participial phrase AFTER the noun it describes:
Sergeant Simpson, reprimanding the private very severely, forcefully removed one of his stripes.
Putting the participial phrase AFTER the noun follows the rule of , unnecessary ,

47. ________________, I with Participial Phrases
Climbing over the hill, a rock hit me on the head.
Is the participial phrase modifying the correct noun?
No. (Did a rock climb over the hill?)
Climbing over the hill, _______________
_________________.

48. ________________, I with Participial Phrases
Climbing over the hill, a rock hit me on the head.
Is the participial phrase modifying the correct noun?
No. (Did a rock climb over the hill?)
Climbing over the hill, I was hit on the head by a rock.