1. Blood: The Body’s Internal Highway

2. I. Three main functions:
A. Transportation 1. Oxygen
2. Pathogen
3. Nutrients
4. Hormones
5. Wastes
a. Carbon dioxide
b. Nitrogenous Wastes
B. Protection
1. WBC
2. Clots
C. Regulation
1. Temperature
2. Blood’s pH – Buffers
Carbon dioxide, Lactic Acid
Makes blood acidic

3. II. Properties
A. Color
Red
Hemoglobin
B. Volume
8% of total weight
Males – 5-6 L
Females – 4-5 L
C. Viscosity – 5x’s slower than water
(RBC, WBC, Platelets)
D. pH
use buffers to keep within narrow range.
Acidosis
Alkalosis

4. III. Only liquid tissue in the body
Specialize connective tissue
Mainly composed of water
A. Plasma
Liquid
Yellowish in color
92% water
8% dissolved substances
Proteins
Nutrients
Wastes
Electrolytes
Gases

5. 1. Plasma Proteins
50 different types
3 main classes
a. Albumins – 55% of plasma proteins.
Thickens your blood, helps maintain osmotic pressure.
b. Glogulins – Antibodies 38%
c. Fibrinogen – 7%
Precursor for fibrin
– clotting.

6. B. Other solutes
1. Non Protein Nitrogenous Substances (NPN).
Amino Acids, Urea, Uric Acid
Protein Breakdown N.A. Breakdown
Removed by the kidneys
2. Gases – Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide
3. Nutrients
4. Electrolytes
a. Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Phosphate

7. C. Formed Elements – 45% RBC, WBC, Platelets 1. Analyze
Hematocrit – spinning blood
Blood Smear – microscope

8. 2. Hematoporesis
Formation of formed elements
Before Birth – yolk sac, liver, spleen
After birth – Red bone marrow, stem cells
Hemacytoblast

10. 3. RBC – Erythrocytes
95% of formed elements
40% of total blood volume
male 4,600,000 – 6,200,000
female 4,200,000- 5,400,000
Goal – Transport gases
oxygen & carbon dioxide
a. Structure – biconcave
1. Lacks a nuclei, organelles
2. Live only 120 days
b. Function – Transporting gases
Oxygen from lungs to body
Carbon dioxide from body to lungs

11. c. In the Lungs Hemogloblin 1/3 volume of RBC
Hemoglobin + iron = Hold O2 (Bright red)
d. In the Tissues
Gives up O2 & binds to CO2.
e. Life cycle – 120 days
No nucleus
Unable to repair damages.

12. f. Amount to RBC is carefully controlled by the kidney & liver.
(Measures the amount of O2 in the blood)
1. O2 gets low –> Erythropoietin -> Red bone marrow.
2. More blood cells are produced
3. 10 billion die every hour.
g. Recycling Center
1. Negative Feedback control
2. Reuse the cell parts & remove any toxic products.
3. WBC – Macrophages – eat RBC’s & breaks down hemoglobin.
4.Liver
*biliverdin – greenish
*bilirubin – orangish
* breaks down RBC’s & converts to bile.
* Iron is reused in the red bone marrow.

13. h. Anemia
1. Reduction of RBC’s, therefore lost ability to transport gases.
2. Types of anemia
Pernicious Anemia – shortage of folic acid & vitamin B.
Hemorrhagic Anemia – Loss of blood.
Hemolytic Anemia – RBC’s are being destroyed by your own body faster than they are being replaced.
CAUSES
Viral, bacterial, genetic.
ex- sickle cell anemia
prolong drowsiness, fevers, abdominal pain
few live past 40 yrs.

14. 4. White Blood Cells – Leukocytes
a. Less than 1% of total blood volume
b. 5,000 – 10,000 mm3

15. c. Two Types
1. Granulocytes –
Have granules
Lobed nucleus
Produced within RBC centers.
Neutrophils – Most abundant
2-5 lobes
60% WBC’s
Stain Pink in neutral stain.

16. Eosinphils –
1-4% of WBC’s
Red stain with eosin
Only 2 lobes
Basophils –
.5% or less of WBC’s.
Large granules.
Stain blue with a basic stain.
Only 2 lobes in a “S” shape.

17. 2. Agranulocytes – lack of granules
a. Monocytes
3-8% of WBC
Very Large
Round with oval nuclei Phagocitize “Eat” foreign particles.
b. Lymphocytes
25- 33% of WBC’s
Same size as RBC’s
B-Lymphocytes = produce antibodies.
T-Lymphocytes = Cytotoxic T-cells

18. 3. Platelets - Thrombocytes
150,000 – 300,000
a. Round
b. 1/10 the size of RBC’s
c. Forms platelet plugs

19. d. Hemostasis – Stoppage of Bleeding
1. Blood Vessels break – loss of blood
a. Smooth muscle in blood vessels contracts to reduce blood loss (under 30 minutes).
b. Serotonin is released, which prolongs smooth muscle contraction if needed.
2. Platelet Plug Formation
a. Platelets arrive
1. Increase in size.
2. Irregular shape
3. Surface become sticky
4. More platelets clump together & forms a plug
3. Coagulation – Most effective
a. Results in formation of blood clot.
b. Fibrinogen converted into fibrin

20. c. Clot Formation
Platelets (releases Thromboplastin + Ca) Prothrobin  Throbin Fibrinogen Fibrin (Clot)
d. Once clot is repaired.
1. Fibroblasts from neighboring connective tissue strengthens the clot & seal the tear.
e. Fibronolysis
blood clot dissolves & returns fibrinogen into plasma (Recycling)

21. e. Problems
1. Blood clots when it is not needed.
Atherosclerosis
Thrombus – undesirable blood clot.
Embolus – Free floating blood clot.
2. Can not form a blood clot
Hemophilia – liver disease (Little or no Vitamin K).
Inability to form clots due to lack of clotting factors.

22. IV. Blood Groups
Surface proteins (Antigens) on RBC
2 antigens in ABO system
1. “A”
2. “B”
Blood Type Antigen Antibody
A A B
B B A
AB A & B None
O None A & B

23. Who has which blood types? TYPES DISTRIBUTION RATIOS
O + 1 person in % O - 1 person in % A + 1 person in % A - 1 person in % B + 1 person in % B - 1 person in % AB + 1 person in % AB - 1 person in %

24. V. Rh System
A. Rhesus Monkey
1. Rh Antigens Present +
Absent –
B. Inherited
C. Rh sensitization with blood transfusion.
1. Only time when it is a problem
a. Rh- receives from Rh+
b. Recipient produces anti Rh to protect against from foreign blood type.
c. No problem with first encounter. (never had time to develop antibodies for defense.
d. Second encounter, blood will AGGLUTINATE (clump together) because antibodies for Rh are already present from first encounter.

25. 2. Hemolytic disease of the new born
a. Mother is Rh-, fetus is Rh+
b. Fetus’s blood mixes with mother’s across the placenta or tearing when the placenta is separated from the mother.
c. Mother develops Anti Rh due to exposure to foreign Rh+ from the baby.
d. First baby is born with no problems.
e. Only a problem if second baby is Rh+.
1. mother’s antibodies will cross the placenta.
2. Agglutination with the fetus’s RBC’s.
3. Erythroblasts or hemolytic
Disease – Anemia & hypoxia
Results – Brain damage
Prevention – Rhogam – makes mother tolerant to Rh+

26. Hemolytic disease of the new born

27. VI. Diseases
A. Anemia – Reduction of RBC’s
Sickle Cell (Inherited)
B. Hemophilia – Disorder of coagulation
Treatment – replace missing factors.
C. Hemorrhage- Sever blood loss.
D. Leukemia – Cancer of the blood
Too many WBC’s crowd out production of RBC’s.
E. Malaria – Infection of blood Stream by a parasite.
Destroys RBC’s
F. Shock- Disturbance of blood circulation
1. Hypovolemic Shock – Decrease blood volume
2. Cardiogenic Shock – Failure of the heart.
3. Vascular Shock – Lower ability to transport blood.

28. Pop Quiz Who can Blood Type B give blood to?
Why is blood type O considered the universal donor, but can not received from other types?
Why can only blood type AB can receive from all blood types?

29. Matching 1.Anemia A. Cancer of the blood (too many WBC’s)
2. Hemophilia B. In general a disturbance of blood circulation
3. Hemorrhage C. Shock due a decrease blood volume
4. Leukemia D. Reduction of RBC’s (Ex. Sickle cell)
5. Malaria E. Shock due to lower ability to transport blood
6. Shock F. Disorder of coagulation (Can’t clot)
7. Hypovolemic Shock G. Shock due to failure of the heart.
8. Cardiogenic Shock H. Severe blood loss due to excessive bleeding
9. Vascular Shock I. Infection of blood Stream by a parasite.