1. Opener: Tuesday, 3/6
Why do you think the Israeli-Palestinian conflict has gone on for so long without a resolution? Which side do you think is more at fault and why?
Today in class:
Finish review reading (textbook)
WWI Pre-quiz (for bonus)
Begin WWI notes

2. The Great War
(World War I)

3. Pre-War Europe
After Napoleon’s defeat, Europe experienced nearly a century of peace
Many believed society had moved beyond wars forever
Several factors worked together beneath surface that led to WWI:
Nationalism: deep devotion to one’s nation
Feelings of supremacy, patriotism

4. Causes of WWI
2. Imperialism: European nations claim ownership of lands in Asia, Africa
-Rivalries over colonies, resources
-Alsace-Lorraine
3. Militarism: major powers were building huge armies and navies
Belief that big army = great nation
Detailed plans for battle drawn up

5. Alsace-Lorraine

6. Causes of WWI
Belief in “balance of power” led European nations to join together in alliances
4. Alliance System: meant to ensure peace; actually made war more likely
Triple Alliance: Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary joined in a pact
Triple Entente: France, Britain, and Russia agreed to back each other

7. Opener: Wednesday, 3/7
From yesterday: what is the meaning of nationalism and how did it contribute to the start of World War I? Today in class: 1. Video clip: Joyeux Noel 2. Notes on F. Ferdinand 3. Reading: The Assassination

8. Europe in 1914

9. The Spark
Balkan region in southeastern Europe was known for ethnic fighting-- “powder keg”
Serbia, a mainly Slavic nation, wanted to be home of European Slavs
June 28, 1914: Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria assassinated by Serbian terrorists
“Black Hand” was responsible
19 year-old Gavrilo Princip was killer

10. The Balkans in 1914

11. Beginning of War
Austria, outraged by murder, made harsh demands on Serbia
Austria declared war on Serbia July 28
Russia, with large Slavic population, supported Serbia & mobilized for war
Germany gave full support to Austria and also readied for war
As armies and plans were set in motion, war became inevitable (unstoppable)

12. War Returns to Europe
As treaties kicked in, most European nations were pulled into the fighting
August 1: Germany declared war on Russia, two days later on France
Schlieffen Plan: Germany’s plan to defeat France quickly
-Based on precise timing
-Germany wants to avoid a 2-front war
-Not realistic

13. War Objectives Central Powers Germany Quickly defeat France
After this, turn and beat Russians
Austria-Hungary
Defeat Serbia
Assist Germans in fighting Russia
Allied Powers
France
Defend homeland
Regain lost lands
Russia
Defend Slavic people of Serbia
Create 2nd front against Germany
Britain
1. Defend Belgians

14. Opener: Friday, 3/9
What are some ads, TV commercials, or billboards that you have seen recently that stood out? Why did those messages stand out to you?
Today in class:
Finish maps
Propaganda!

15. WWI Propaganda
Both sides used propaganda to win people’s support for war
Propaganda: information used to persuade a person to act or embrace certain beliefs
Positive prop.—used to glorify war and the cause of the home country
Negative prop.—used to demonize the enemy or instill fear or sense of duty
Used mainly for recruiting soldiers, workers, or buyers for bonds

16. Propaganda Activity
As you view each propaganda poster, do the following on a sheet of paper:
1. Decide if it is positive or negative
2. Rate it 1-10 (on effectiveness)
3. Describe what the message is
(or why is it effective?)

17. 1. “Sow the Seeds of Victory”

18. 2. “Every fit Briton should join…”

19. 3. “What did YOU do…”

20. 4. German Propaganda

21. 5. British Propaganda

22. Finish propaganda activity
Opener: Monday, 3/12
Why do you think governments spend money on propaganda messages during war time?
Today in Class:
Finish propaganda activity
Trench war notes
Clip: Joyeux Noel

23. 6. British Propaganda

24. 7. Allied Propaganda

25. 8. “Waste Nothing”

26. 9. “Beat back the HUN”

27. 10. Italian Propaganda

28. 11. “Avenge the Lusitania”

29. 12. Canadian Propaganda

30. 13. “We gladly deposit our blood…”

31. 14. “He KNEW Sacrifice…”

32. 15. “Destroy this mad brute…”

33. Germany’s Schlieffen Plan

34. War Turns to Stalemate
Germany’s armies swept through Belgium and marched toward Paris
French and British troops desperate to halt German assault
Battle of the Marne: (Sept. 1914) German armies got within 50 miles of Paris
First major loss for Germans
Ended idea of a quick victory in war
Schlieffen Plan was ruined
New hope and confidence for Allies

35. Taxis rush troops to front

36. War in the Trenches After the Marne, war turned into a stalemate
Both sides dug long, deep trenches to defend against guns, artillery attacks
Trench warfare used for most of the rest of WWI (defense has advantage)
“No Man’s Land” between trenches where fighting takes place
Men go “over the top” to attack enemy trenches (very dangerous)
Harsh, inhumane conditions

37. Opener: Tuesday, 3/13
What do the soldiers’ actions on Christmas 1914 tell us about how they felt about the war? Why do you think their commanders did not want this to happen?
Today in Class:
Continue Joyeux Noel
Notes on Trench warfare
Battle of the Somme activity

38. Men in Trenches Soldiers faced horrible conditions in WWI:
Diseases (dysentery, trench foot/mouth) killed many
Attacks on enemy trenches = heavy casualties
Lack of basic supplies, pure water led to malnutrition, disease
Constant bombardment by artillery (shell shock= nerves shot)
Expectation of death, loss of friends

39. Effects of Trench Foot

40. German Heavy Artillery

41. German Soldiers

42. New Weapons of War
WWI was first “modern war” and many new weapons were introduced:
1. Machine gun: first automatic firing gun
2. Tank: armored vehicle, slow & clumsy
3. Poison gas: blindness, blisters, choking
4. Airplane: used for spying at first
5. Submarine: German “U-boats” were deadly snipers under the water

43. Machine Gun

44. British tank in WWI

45. German U-Boat in WWI

46. Gas Mask

47. Opener: Wednesday, 3/14
How has the way we fight wars today changed from the way they were fought during the First World War?
Today in Class:
Finish Somme worksheet
Clips from “All Quiet On the Western Front”

48. Verdun and the Somme
Two battles illustrated the terrible slaughter that WWI became:
Verdun: German strategy of attrition—force French to give up by killing as many soldiers as possible
--longest battle in history (10 months)
--250,000 killed; 500,000 wounded
The Somme: British attack Germans
--Even worse than Verdun
--British lost nearly 20,000 on 1st day
*Neither battle made much difference

49. Russian Problems
Russia was not industrialized like the other nations in Europe in WWI
Continual shortages of food, weapons, ammo, other supplies
Only advantage was huge population—Russia had largest army of all
Huge numbers of casualties, strain on economy led Russia to brink of collapse
Allies pressured Russia to stay in war to keep Germany from having advantage

50. Global Conflicts
Fighting spread around world and consumed every continent:
African colonies became battle grounds
British India and Australia added millions of soldiers to war
Brazil in South America supports Allies
Japan seizes German colonies in China and Pacific region
Middle East (Asia) also saw fighting

51. Doughboy Diary reading/summaries
Opener: Thursday, 3/15
What are three words that you would use to describe the First World War and why would you use those?
Today in Class:
Notes: U.S. in WWI
Doughboy Diary reading/summaries

52. Cemetery at Verdun

53. War goes Global
U.S. stayed out of fighting until 1917; aiding Britain and France with supplies
Two events led U.S. to fight Germany:
1. Unrestricted submarine attacks—Germans sank Lusitania, killing 128 U.S. citizens
2. Zimmerman note—telegram from Germany asking Mexico to fight U.S.
Americans outraged by German activities
“Doughboys” drafted into U.S. army
U.S. help will turn tide for Allies

54. Woodrow Wilson

55. Russia Collapses
By March 1917 Russia in serious turmoil from war & civil unrest (food shortages)
Czar Nicholas, facing revolution, gave up throne
Vladimir Lenin: revolutionary leader; gained control of Russia
Believed in communism (Marx)
First priority: end war with Germany
Russian people relieved to be at peace

56. Vladimir Lenin

58. Rasputin: Mystery Man
Rasputin: “monk” became advisor to queen of Russia
Said to have mystical powers
Distrusted by most Russians
Murdered by poisoning, stabbing, shooting, drowning

59. Opener: Monday, 3/19
Adolf Hitler was a German soldier who was wounded more than once. What if he had been killed in WWI? How do you think future events in Europe would have changed?
Today in class:
Notes (Russia, etc.)
Finish Joyeux Noel

60. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Russia forced to sign the in late 1917
Treaty gave millions of square miles to Germany (Ukraine)
Russians humiliated, Germans pushed for all they could get
One year later, the Germans will be in similar situation (Treaty of Versailles)

61. Land Grab by Germans

62. War Draws to a Close
With Russia out, Germany focused all troops on last offensive in west
German forces again drove to within 40 miles of Paris
Fresh American soldiers helped turn tide and push Germans back
Governments of Central Powers began to crumble under strain of long war
People suffering and wanted peace
German Kaiser stepped down (War ends 11 am, Nov. 11)

63. Kaiser Wilhelm II

64. Opener: Tuesday, 3/20
What happened to the men who participated in the Christmas truce of 1914? Do you agree with the punishments? Why or why not?
In Class Today:
Notes: Treaty of Versailles
Treaty Reading/Map Activity

65. War’s Effects Four and a half years of brutal fighting resulted in:
-Nearly 30 million casualties (8.5 mill. dead)
-Millions of civilians dead from starvation and diseases
-European economy in shambles
-Thousands of acres of farmland destroyed
-A “lost generation” of Europeans
Allied leaders met in Paris to discuss treaty

66. Wilson’s Goals
-President Wilson wanted “peace without victory”; not revenge on Germany
-Wilson’s “Fourteen Points” outlined his vision for post-war world
-Wanted to create a League of Nations to resolve disputes peacefully
French and British leaders sought to punish Germans for starting war, killing millions

67. “Big Four” in Paris, 1919

68. Treaty of Versailles
Wilson compromised most of his goals in order to save the League of Nations
Final treaty was very harsh for Germany and placed full blame on them for war:
-Germany & Russia excluded from League
-Germany surrenders all colonies & Alsace-Lor.
-Not allowed to build subs or planes or import war materials (army to remain very small)
-Pay $33 billion in war debts (reparations)
-Accept sole responsibility for the war

69. “It cannot be that two million Germans should have fallen in vain…no, we do not pardon—we demand vengeance!”
--Adolf Hitler (1919)

70. Treaty of Versailles: Pros/Cons
Too Harsh Because:
Germany did not start the war
Germans had suffered enough (war + blockade)
Humiliating them will only make them seek revenge
Huge war debts will make new democracy weak
Necessary Because:
Germany had committed terrible acts during war
They showed no mercy to Russians (Treaty of B-L)
Germany is still a threat to France (and Europe itself)
Allies deserve some reward for efforts

71. Opener: Wednesday, 3/21
Summarize how World War I affected Europe in terms of nations growing, shrinking, or being born. Which nation would you say was the biggest loser and why?
Today In Class:
Review game over WWI
Tomorrow = TEST!

72. Opener: Friday, 3/23
Why do you think American veterans of wars have higher rates of suicide and homelessness than non-military citizens?
In Class Today:
WWII Pre-Quiz (For Bonus!)
TZ Episode: The Encounter