1. 1.1 Introduction to Psychology
EQ: Describe how psychology developed from its prescientific roots to the beginnings of modern science.
EQ: Describe some important milestones in psychology’s early development
EQ: Describe how psychology continued to develop from the 1920’s through today.

2. What is Psychology? Behaviors Mental Processes Observable actions
Psychology is the systematic, scientific study of behaviors and mental processes.
But, this is really broad b/c it encompasses:
Behaviors
Mental Processes
Observable actions
Observable responses
Examples:
Eating, laughing, running, reading, sleeping, crying, etc.
Are not directly observable
Dreaming, thinking, imagining, etc.

3. Explain Psychology’s Goals
Psychology has the following in mind:
Describe: Describe the different ways that organisms behave.
Explain: Explain the causes of behavior
Predict: Predict how organisms will behave in certain situations
Control: For some psychologists, controlling an organisms behavior is the 4th goal. (Has pro’s and con’s)

4. PSYCHOLOGY???
DO OUR FEELINGS ALWAYS MATCH OUR ACTIONS??
IF you get called a “DumbAss”…you may be crying on the inside…
BUT Act Tough on the outside?! I may be crying on the inside…

5. Pre Scientific Psychology
Although the science of psychology started in 1800s, the concept has been around a lot longer!
“Trephination” = cutting holes in the skull to let out evil spirits. (Stone Age)

6. Pre-Scientific Psychology Ancient Greece
Plato – in the 4th century B.C., he explored the way government can influence individual behavior in The Republic. Believed that knowledge came from reflection and thinking (the brain).
Aristotle ( B.C.) – Plato’s student. Believed that knowledge came from experience (the heart). Discussed the nature of sensory perception in his Poetics.
They were the first Europeans to reason that human beings have, in addition to a physical body, some kind of apparatus used for thinking, which they called the “psyche” (mind).

7. Prescientific Psychology
1600’s Rene Descartes
French philosopher who believed in dualism (humans have a dual nature – one part mental and the other physical).
Also believed that we are born with innate ideas.
Descartes
John Locke (1690) – British philosopher who rejected Descartes’ notion of innate ideas and insisted that the mind at birth is a “blank slate” (tabula rasa).
Locke

8. EMPIRIcISM From Locke’s Ideas
The view that knowledge originates in experience and science should rely on observation and experimentation
PSYCHOLOGY IS A SCIENCE!

9. 1808-Phrenology
In 1808, Franz Joseph Gall, a German physician, promotes the idea of phrenology: the shape of a person’s skull reveals mental faculties and character traits.

10. 5 waves of psychology Historical Approaches

11. Historical Approaches: Psych Lab at University in Leipzig
Wave ONE
Structuralism
Who: Wilhelm Wundt
What: Conducted experiment on awareness (Ball & Lever)
Measured lag between people hearing a ball hit a platform and their pressing a telegraph key
Found Awareness took a little longer
How: Used introspection to explore conscious mental processes by ASKING subjects to look inward and report out.
* Psych would become a science based on Wundt’s traditions
Wilhelm Wundt
“Father of Psych”
Psych Lab at University in Leipzig
G. Stanley Hall (Wundt’s Student)
Later established the 1st formal US Psychological Lab at Johns Hopkins-1883

12. When you hear the ball hit the platform press the lever. Ya?

13. STRUCTURALISM
Who: Edward Bradford Titchener (Wundt students) would introduce structuralism (focus on introspection to reveal structure of mind)
Introspection- looking inward and self reporting feelings
Structure is more important than function…
E.B. Titchener

14. Historical Approaches: Functionalism
Who: William James
Focus: Functions of the brain & how behavior helps one adapt
Where: Harvard, The Principles of Psychology
Mentored: Mary Whiton Calkins  1st APA President in 1905 & taught Margaret Floy Washburn (1st PhD)

16. Historical Approaches: Gestalt Psychology Wave 2
Who: Wertheimer, Kohler, & Koffka (1912)
Focus: Perception  perceptual experiences result from analyzing a whole pattern (gestalt)
The whole of experience is more than the sum of its parts
EX:Think for a moment of all the reasons that you love your mom. If you add all those reasons up, do they equal your love for your mom? Hopefully not!!!

17. Wave 3: Psycholanalysis
Who: Sigmund Freud
What: believed that most of your feelings come from a hidden place in your mind called the unconscious
Defense Mechanisms
Id, Ego, SuperEgo

18. Historical Approaches: Wave 4 Behaviorism
Who: John B. Watson
Focus: emphasized the objective, scientific analysis of observable behaviors.
Conditioning & behavior modification
Ivan Pavlov- Classical Conditioning
B.F. Skinner- Operant Conditioning

19. Wave 5: ECLECTIC Modern Psychology– NOW
Psychologists pick and choose what theories to use depending on the situation and the client.
7 Schools of Psychology

20. Biological Perspective (Neuroscience)
Focus: examines how our genes, hormones, & nervous system interact w/ our environments to infl. learning, personality, memory, motivation, emotions, etc.

21. 2.Cognitive
Focus: focuses on how we process, store, & use info and how this info infl. what we attend to, perceive, learn, remember, believe, feel, etc.
How we think (or encode information)
How do we see the world?
Cognitive Therapist attempt to change the way you think.

22. 3. Behavioral
Who: B.F Skinner
Focus: analyzes how organisms learn new behaviors or modify existing ones depending on rewards or punishments
We behave in ways because we have been conditioned to do so.
• To change behaviors, we have to recondition the client
* Study Observable Behaviors

23. 4.Evolutionary
Focus: studies how evolutionary ideas (adaptation & natural selection) explain human behavior & mental processes.
Focuses on Darwinism.
• We behave the way we do because we inherited those behaviors.
• Thus, those behaviors must have helped ensure our ancestors survival.

24. 5. Psychoanalytic
Focus: your childhood & unconscious desires influence your behavior
Dream Analysis
Repressed Feelings

25. 6.Humanistic Be the best we can be “self-actualization”
Who: Abraham Maslow
Focus: on human experience (ea. person has freedom in directing their own future, a lg. capacity for personal growth, intrinsic worth, & enormous potential)
Infl: Positive Psychology
Be the best we can be “self-actualization”

26. 7.Sociocultural
Focus: studies the infl. of social & cultural factors on psychological and behavioral functioning.

27. Each finger on your hand and the palm can represent a different perspective:
– The thumb = Psychodynamic • Stick out your thumb and make a gesture over your shoulder while turning your head in that direction. You are “looking back,” just as a psychodynamic psychologist does when they are focusing on the past and unconscious conflicts stemming from childhood.
– The index finger = Cognitive • Point to your head like you are thinking. The cognitive perspective looks at how we process, store, and interpret information.
– The middle finger = Behavioral • How do you know what it means to “flip someone off”? You learned it. This relates to the idea of rewards, punishments, and modeling. Flipping the bird is also an observable behavior, and behaviorists focus on what can be seen and measured only.
– The ring finger = Humanistic • Try to lift your ring finger straight (without any other fingers going up also) – it can’t be done! Now use your other fingers to push it up… much better. Humanists believe that we need others to help us “reach our fullest potential,” and Rogers’ theory of unconditional positive regard does the trick.
– The pinky finger = Biological • Finish my sentence: “Pinky and the ______.” Behaviorists look at the tie between our behavior and our biology. But our knowledge base for this is still relatively small – like our pinky.
– The palm = Sociocultural • Make a “gathering” movement with both hands, bringing them to your chest. We are gathering all people together, all cultures. To understand others we must understand the culture they are from. Differences are good!
– The “evolved sixth finger” = Evolutionary • Hold up a finger from your other hand and pretend that you have 6 fingers instead of 5. Evolutionary psychologists focus on how traits/behaviors evolve over time (usually aided our ancestors’ survival or increased their genetic line)

28. What is psychology??
Psychology Today We define psychology today as the scientific study of behavior (what we do) and mental processes (inner thoughts and feelings).

29. Now:
Biopsychosocial
Focus: studies how biological, psychological, & social factors influence human development.
Integrative