1. Washington Administration

2. Executive Example National Hero Set many precedents for future leaders
King liked figure and War Hero
Set many precedents for future leaders
Untested Constitution and a Constitution that needed to be developed/edited
Developed Cabinet
Group of Advisors who were the heads of the Executive Departments (at this point there were 4)
Defined appointment powers
Appointed Cabinet and Judges
Expanded foreign affairs powers
Secretary of State (Jefferson)
Issues Proclamation of Neutrality
Became legislative leader - was looked to for leadership

3. 1st Congress Bill of Rights ratified Passed Judiciary Act 1789
1st 10 Amendments
Included so that Anti-Feds/Dem. Repub. Support Constitution
Passed Judiciary Act 1789
Supreme Court was established and had 6 justices appointed by President
Created the lower district courts and circuit court of appeals
John Jay was appointed as the 1st Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

4. Financial Debate Nation had large war debt Alexander Hamilton’s plan
Pay all debts: to unify America and show the world that were trustworthy
National bank system: to regulate and collect
Proposed high tariffs and taxes to generate revenue
Debate over power to create a national bank
Southerners didn’t want to pay Northern debt
Implied Powers
Loose vs. Strict Constructionists
“Necessary and Proper” Clause

5. Political Affairs British harassment in the west
Kept Forts in Canada and pressed Am. with encouraging/helping Native American resistence
French Revolution in 1789
Initially Am. supported
Causes division with Feds and Dem.Rep.
British and French at war
Am. relied on trade with Britain but supported the French in their revolution as they had supported Am.
U.S. neutrality
Issued by Washington to prevent American unity from crumbling

6. Political Affairs Whiskey Rebellion Jay’s Treaty (BRITAIN)
Taxes by new government angered Pennsylvania farmers and they attacked tax collectors
Hamilton commanded 12,000 militia to put down rebellion
Jay’s Treaty (BRITAIN)
British test Am. Neutrality and attack merchant ships
British gave up Forts in N. Am. And we paid the debt from the war back
Hamilton supported and Jefferson didn’t
Pickney’s Treaty (SPAIN)
Trade agreement to use the Mississippi and New Orleans to continue trade
Organized the settlement of the West at this point and thus brought revenue in for the government (selling western lands)

7. Washington’s Warning Served 2 terms but refused another
Set precedent of serving 2 terms
Wanted to demonstrate the ideals of Am. Democracy
Political fighting had already begun
Farewell Warnings
No political parties (cause division in a weak new nation)
No involvement in foreign affairs (“entangling alliances”
Religion and morality necessary for orderly government

8. Federalist Era-Adams

9. Parties Develop
Hamilton and Jefferson had opposing views of government
Whiskey Rebellion, National Bank, Jay’s Treaty, Pickney Treaty
Federalists – led by Hamilton supported strong national government
Democratic-Republicans – led by Jefferson and Madison supported limited role of government

10. Adams is Elected 1796 election – narrow victory
Adams elected President (Federalist)
Jefferson elected VP (Dem.Rep)
They were from different political parties
Constitution said 2nd place in election meant VP creating a Presidency where the two Executives were from different parties
This problem was fixed by the 12th Amendment
President and Vice-President run on the same ticket

11. XYZ Affair Neutrality strained relations with France and Britain
France began to impress U.S. merchants and ships
U.S. sends ambassadors to France to patch relations
Bribes were demanded by the French
Code names of French officials were X,Y,Z and they demanded bribes in order to restore relations
U.S. was outraged as story emerged
American began to not support the French and the Dem.Rep
Nearly leads to war
U.S. arms merchant ships
Political Parties oppose each other
Federalists align with British
Dem-Republicans align with French

12. Alien and Sedition Acts
Sedition Act: Federalists passed laws to limit criticism of government by those sensitive to the French (Dem-Republicans) and restrict citizenship rights
Alien Act: limited freedom of speech and allowed deportation of unpopular aliens
Silence opposing political parties
Kentucky and Virginia Issued resolutions to declare the laws unconstitutional
Written by Jefferson and Madison
States could nullify laws of Federal government they felt unjust

13. Jeffersonian Era

14. Election of 1800 Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied for President
Both are Democratic-Republican
Constitution called for the House of Representatives to decide the tie
Tie is eventually broken in Jefferson’s favor
Hamilton convinces Federalists to support Jefferson
Future problems avoided with 12th Amendment
Electors vote on the President and Vice-President separately in electoral college
1st peaceful transfer of power from one party to another in modern government
Federalists to Dem-Rep.
Transfer was in White house and in Congress
Last time the Federalists had National power
Laissez-faire gov’t: cut taxes and cut gov’t bureacracy; national debt is cut in ½
“REVOLUTION OF REPUBLICANISM”

15. Judicial Review Midnight Judges appointed by Adams
Attempt by Adams to keep Federalist influence in government
Jefferson refused to recognize judges
Judges were appoint as Adams was leaving the White House and the letters are not delivered
Marbury vs. Madison
Established the principle of Judicial Review
John Marshall is Chief Justice of Supreme Court
Political enemy of Jefferson
35 years as Chief Justice and 1,000 cases
Case declares parts of Judiciary Act unconstitutional
Supremacy Clause is protected with the Federal over the States
Establishes the principle of Judicial Review
Court can declare laws to be unconstitutional
Implied powers
Used more for state laws than federal

16. Western Expansion Louisiana Purchase (1803) Mississippi to Rockies
Trying to avoid war with France
Napoleon agrees as he needs the money to fight war
Lewis and Clark Expedition (1809)
Explore, inform, discover, map the territories and their lands
Sacajowea
Helps/leads the expedition due to her knowledge of the territory and her language ability
Indian Conflicts
Encouraged by the British
Unfair treaties : Indians signed over land but were forced to and did not understand what they were signing
Tecumseh’s League: union of Native Americans to forcefully resist American expansion
Battle of Tippecanoe: led by William Harrison and was a surprise attack in the village and it was burned

17. Foreign Affairs US Neutrality between Britain and France???
Needed trade with both sides
Making money (59 million one year)
Trading primarily with France (reexporting)
British began impressment of sailors (6,000 by 1809)
Loosing markets to the US
Needed sailors for navy to fight Napoleon
Jefferson gets Embargo Act passed to cut off trade with Britain. Hurts U.S. business more than Britain
No navy but didn’t want to be seen as weak
Lifted in a year and admitted it didn’t work
War Hawks emerge
Farmers and settlers in the South and West who supported a war with Britain
Possibility of gaining additional lands – Canada and Florida
Revenge for British helping Indians
British did not play into War Hawks’ plan