1. Communism and Anti-Communism
Part I

2. Potsdam Conference July-August 1945 USA, GBR, USSR
Declaration on Liberated Europe
Agreed to work together to direct the freed countries after WWII
All 3 countries had to agree on the action to take place
Essentially gave USSR a veto

3. The Soviets Toe the Line
USSR took Romania, Bulgaria, and Hungary under their control
US demanded that they be democratic countries
USSR said they would be “totalitarian democracies”
USSR put committees in charge of these countries
Leader of the committees was also the leader of the communist army

4. What is Communism? Political ideology No private property
In theory, all things are distributed evenly to all
Government owns means of production
Complete government control of business
Believes that it can make a perfect society
Often atheistic
Controls education
Uses propaganda (movies, education, etc.)

5. Post-War Germany Original approach to Germany: Keep them weak
People quickly realized this approach would lead to mass starvation
Germany divided into 4 zones
GBR, FR, USA, USSR
They were supposed to work together to prepare for reunification and a new German government
Berlin
Capital city
Located in USSR zone
Also divided into 4 zones

6. Post-War Germany

7. Selfishness Enters In
France refused to cooperate with the countries in charge of the other zones
Because they wanted the Saar and Rhineland for themselves
Wanted to punish Germany for WWII
They did not allow rail, mail, or trade with other zones
USSR followed France’s behavior
Put only pro-communists into office
Confiscated large farms/estates
Closed private banks
Government control of industry
Took down many factories and shipped parts to Russia
USA and GBR worked together

8. The Marshall Plan Europe was destroyed through WWII
US was the only country economically healthy enough to provide aid
Marshall Plan (1948)
US would aid European nations
As long as the country revealed its economic conditions and what it could do to help
USSR invited into the program
They wouldn’t reveal their economic conditions
16 countries signed up
Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Great Britain

10. USSR Steps Up the Hostilities
Meeting was held with the 4 powers about how to help Germany
USSR left the meeting, didn’t return to another
Other countries met to figure out a new gov. for Germany
USSR began to make life more difficult
Blockaded Berlin
Troops and road blocks
Cut off flow of electricity from East Berlin to West Berlin

11. The Berlin Airlift
US and GBR had 3 options to help those in West Berlin (which they technically controlled)
Allow USSR to get away with it
In which case Berlin would fall to USSR
Not seriously considered
Resupply city by land
Could start a war
Resupply city by air
Berlin Airlift
US planes made 250 deliveries a day
At the high point, a plane was landing there every 2 minutes
USSR lifted the blockade

12. New Governments in Germany
German Federal Republic
For West Germany
Chancellor Konrad Adenauer
Catholic
Anti-Communist
Economic/cultural resurgence
German Democratic Republic
For East Germany
Strong relationship with USSR

13. Truman Doctrine
Communists were trying to overthrow governments in Turkey and Greece
US decision: Stop it, or let it happen
Truman Doctrine
US would give economic and military aid to nations threatened by Communist takeover
“Containment”
Nations should have free say as to what type of government they have
US was able to help stop communist takeover of Turkey and Greece

14. NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Group of countries who worked together
For containment of communism
Mutual defense against communism
NATO military force to be led by Eisenhower
West Germany rearmed as defense against USSR

15. NATO During Different Historical Points

16. The Cold War Confrontation between Communism and the West
Ideological war
Didn’t result in direct battles b/w US and USSR
Communism v. Democracy
US thought it had an obligation to preserve freedom in the world
Opposed to stopping (containing) communism
Reactionary
Communists intent on expanding
They were on the offensive

17. Civil War in China Communists led by Mao Tse-tung
Nationalists led by Chiang Kai-shek
Both fought together in WWII against the Japanese
USSR used their alliance with China to start supplying Mao and the communists
Nationalists needed US support to continue the fight
Many in US gov. saw Mao as simple farmer and best bet for democracy
Chiang appeared to be totalitarian to many
US Gen. George Marshall was sent to China to help set up a coalition government with both sides
Chiang refused to join
US stopped giving any aid to Nationalists

18. The People’s Republic of China
Nationalists had terrible equipment, were losing the war
US finally approved sending them aid, but it was too late
Communists won the Civil War
Chiang fled to Taiwan
Set up free Chinese government there
People’s Republic of China
Mao became Chairman
Persecuted Christianity
Seized the American consulate in China
USA decided to acknowledge Chiang as rightful ruler of China
Gave aid to Taiwan to prevent it from being taken by the communists

19. Map of Asia

20. HUAC House Un-American Activities Committee Whittaker Chambers
Investigating influence of communism in US gov.
Because of communism’s desire for worldwide revolution
Whittaker Chambers
Editor of Time Magazine
Had been a communist from
Called before the HUAC to testify
Said he had been a communist
Named a bunch of people he knew were communists
Listed Alger Hiss

21. Hiss v. Chambers (Part I)
Hiss appeared before HUAC
Said he had never seen Chambers before
Hiss and Chambers were cross-examined
Chambers was able to give a lot of intimate details about Hiss life
Knew that Chambers had seen a rare bird once
Hiss told HUAC that he had seen a rare bird
People started believing Chambers

22. Hiss v. Chambers (Part II)
Hiss decided to change strategy
Said he once knew Chambers as a man named George Crosley
Said this explained how Chambers knew him
HUAC didn’t buy it
Went on offensive against Chambers
Led people to believe Chambers might be mentally insane
People started siding with Hiss
Easier than believing the famous advisor of FDR was communist
If Hiss was communist, what does that say about UN?
Hiss sued Chambers for Libel

23. Hiss v. Chambers (Part III)
“Pumpkin Papers”
Chambers had been in charge of keeping government documents for the soviets
To prove Hiss innocent, Hiss’ lawyers asked Chambers to turn over all supposed correspondence between the two from their alleged communist days
They knew Chambers had destroyed the documents
Chambers had kept some hidden in a pumpkin
Jury sided with Chambers
Hiss indicted on two accounts of perjury
Lying in court
Couldn’t get him for treason
Beyond the statute of limitations

24. Trial for Perjury Trial I Trial II Hiss served 5 years in prison
Focus on hard evidence
Documents were typed on Hiss’ typewriter
Chambers’ knowledge of Hiss’ life
Couldn’t come to a conclusion
Trial II
Hiss found a psychologist who labeled Chambers a psychopath
Even though they had never met
Chamber’s attorney showed how Chambers’ activity was perfectly normal
Hiss guilty on both count of perjury
Hiss served 5 years in prison
In recent years, the NSA found confirmation of the soviet spy ring Chambers had referred to
Found a Soviet message to a spy named “Ales”
Probably Alger Hiss

25. The Soviet Union and the Atomic Bomb
USSR exploded first atomic bomb in 1949
Shocked rest of the world
Didn’t realize they had the technology
US suspected espionage
Stealing of US’ secrets about the atomic bomb

26. Who Leaked the Info? Klaus Fuchs Harry Gold David Greenglass
German refugee scientist
Working on British atomic bomb project
Supposedly giving info to USSR
Gave it to a Soviet agent, nicknamed Raymond
Harry Gold
“Raymond”
American chemist
Confessed to passing along info
Said he received info from US soldier as well
David Greenglass
Admitted to passing info
Implicated his wife (Ruth), brother-in-law (Julius Rosenberg), and Julius’ wife (Ethel Rosenberg)
Told authorities what had happened

27. The Rosenbergs They were communists when married in 1939
Dropped from communist party in 1943
Common behavior for those about to spy
Met with Greenglass in 1945 for dinner
Julius Rosenberg convinced Greenglass to steal info on the atomic bomb and give it to Gold
He passed on info regarding a lens that helped the bomb explode
Met with Gold in secret
Knew who he was because they had matching parts of a jello box
Gold passed on the info

28. The Story Continues Fuchs was arrested
Julius Rosenberg told Greenglass to leave town
David Greenglass didn’t, was arrested
Greenglass confessed to everything
Thought it was the only way to help his family
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were arrested
They claimed innocence
Ruth Greenglass was not arrested

29. The Rosenberg Spy Case
Rosenbergs charged with conspiracy to commit espionage
Stealing secrets from one country for another
Main witnesses: Greenglass family
Julius Rosenberg often pleaded the 5th
Even on questions that were of public knowledge
Made him look guilty
Ethel tried to win sympathy as mother of 2 young children
Didn’t work
Rosenberg’s lawyer tried to show how “repulsive” it was that David Greenglass testify against his own sister
Prosecutor said evils of communism should erase sympathy

30. The Verdict Both Rosenbergs found guilty
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg sentenced to the electric chair
Judge said their actions were worse than murder
Said the selling of secrets helped lead to the Korean War
However, they were only found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage
No one had ever been executed for that
Appealed to the S.C.
S.C. upheld ruling
Executed June 19, 1953
Seen as martyrs by many
David Greenglass sentenced to 15 years in jail
Modern evidence shows they were probably part of a larger ring

31. Part II

32. War Starts in Korea 38th parallel divided N. and S. Korea
Communists had occupied the North at end of WWII
Refused to let the two be reunited after the war
North Korean People’s Army (NKPA)
Supplied by USSR
June 25, 1950 – North Korea invaded South Korea
South Korea = Republic of Korea (ROK)
Two goals
Take South Korea
See if US would intervene outside of Europe
Initial invasion was successful

33. The Korean War

34. US Response
Didn’t expect communists to get involved in a place seemingly out of the way like Korea
Thought next war would be nuclear
Were not ready for conventional warfare
Had downsized military after WWII

35. First US Boots on the Ground
Task Force Smith
Sent in by Gen. MacArthur to delay the communists
Until more US soldiers could prepare and come
500 men
They were defeated and fled
Delayed communist attack only 7 hours
24th Infantry Division
Unprepared for heat
Drank from rice paddies
Came down with dysentery

36. Port of Pusan (Aug. 31, 1950)
NKPA had taken all of S. Korea except Port of Pusan
US and ROK made last stand at Naktong River
Blew up bridges to slow NKPA advance
Needed to hold the port
Only way to bring in more US troops and supplies
US carriers in the port launched plans to bomb NKPA supply lines
NKPA crossed river, attacked US
Created bulge in US line
Marine arrived
240 marines: 23 KIA, 119 wounded
Marines forced NKPA back across river

37. Port of Inchon (Sept. 15, 1950)
Inchon was 18 miles from Seoul (ROK capital)
Gen. MacArthur planned to land marines there
Extreme tides
Landing possible only during a few hours
Marines landed at Wolmi Island
Connected by causeway to Inchon
Secured island in under 2 hours
Waited on tide before heading to Inchon
Took Port of Inchon while only losing 20 marines

39. Into Seoul US entered Seoul on Sept. 25, 1950
Gen. MacArthur and ROK President Rhee rode through city
Re-established ROK gov.
It was discovered that NKPA had executed thousands before leaving the city

40. US and ROK on the Offensive
New goal: Drive out NKPA, reunite country
MacArthur assured Truman that there was no change Chinese communists would enter the war
Truman gave him permission to push all the way to the Yalu River (border b/w Korea and China)
US did not know 120,000 Chinese soldiers were secretly marching on Korea
NKPA essentially collapsed
US and ROK winning the war

41. China Attacks Sub-zero temperatures in November in the mountains
US shed much equipment to move easier through them
Chinese attacked on the day after Thanksgiving
Actually attacked US from behind
US was confused, ordered retreat
Right into Chinese ambush
US army surrounded and destroyed
Marines formed their own line on the other side of mountains
Fought for two straight days to defend themselves
Counterattacked
Destroyed the Chinese flank
Took out 4 Chinese armies
Allowed marines to escape the ambush
Took all wounded marines with them

42. MacArthur v. Truman US set up line along 38th parallel
MacArthur wanted to bomb China
Allow Chiang to attack China from Taiwan
Truman afraid of starting nuclear war
MacArthur said he would be OK with using them to end the war
Just a matter of speech?
MacArthur publically spoke out against Truman
Truman fired MacArthur
Matthew Ridgeway sent to replace him

43. Stalemate Truce talks began at end of 1951 War carried on into 1953
Communists wanted to propagandize prisoners
Delayed peace agreement
War carried on into 1953
Lines remained same the whole time

44. Propaganda “Death Valley” – POW mining camp
US faced poor diet, lack of medical care, communist indoctrination, propaganda
½ the men died
Communists were harshest towards chaplains
Not a single one survived

45. Concluding the War Communists finished extracting propaganda
US refused to force refugees to return to N. Korea or China
80% of Chinese prisoners, 50% communists in US hands refused to return
Communists declared all prisoners had to be returned or there was no peace treaty
Didn’t want people to know how bad communism was
USSR suddenly unable to continue war
Stalin died in Russia
Russia experienced a bad harvest and resulting famine
Armistice signed July 27, 1953

46. Lessons of the Korean War
Communists realized the US would follow idea of containment all over the world
Communists realized they couldn’t fight the US in conventional warfare
Ready to shift towards guerilla warfare and terrorism