1. Source: nationsonline.org
What would pull/attract people into this area? What would push/deter people from moving into the area?

2. Source: maps.com

3. Vocabulary
Peninsula – a body of land surrounded on three sides by water.

4. Landforms Many islands lie off the coast of Europe:
Some are island nations
Such as Ireland and Britain in the North Sea
Some are a chain/series of islands
Such as the numerous Greek and Italian islands in the Mediterranean Sea
Europe is often called ‘The Peninsula of Peninsulas’
Most of the Scandinavian countries lie on a peninsula
Iberian Peninsula is a broad plateau
Italy is a peninsula nation

5. Mountain Ranges Many mountain ranges spread throughout Europe
The Alps is the most prominent
Spreads across a dozen countries
The Carpathian Mountains in the interior
The Pyrenees in the west
The Apennines running down Italy

6. Climate
North to South, Europe runs from the Arctic Circle to North Africa
Most of Europe is a temperate, or mild, climate
Northwest Europe has moderate temperatures and reliable rainfall due to ocean currents
Countries on the Mediterranean Coast have hot, dry summers and mild, moist winters
Eastern and central Europe have humid continental climate
The further north, the more extreme the cold and the shorter the summers

7. Natural Resources and Agriculture
Many of the resources for an industrial economy is found here
Minerals and timber are also abundant
Many agricultural industries (fruits and vegetables) and many livestock industries (animals and fish) also thrive

8. Label the Following: France Finland Germany Ukraine United Kingdom
Physical Features:
Italy
Pyrenees Mountains
Spain
Alps
Norway
Carpathian Mountains
Iceland
Greece
Sweden

9. Vocabulary
Democracy – System of government in which power is vested in the people
Direct Democracy – Citizens required to participate directly
Republic – Citizens elect representatives to run the government for them (Representative Democracy)
Citizenship rights – rights to vote, serve on a jury, and own property; only to those born in citizenship or naturalized

10. Democracy
Developed over centuries, no one person or group is responsible
Government is trial and error – Democracy is just a part of that
Many of the ideas and practices from ancient democracies are used today

11. Ancient Greece
The Assembly is where citizens participated in the government
Created law and foreign policy and oversaw courts
Only male citizens of Athens over 18
Athens had a small population that allowed for close cooperation

12. Ancient Rome
Rome had a larger territory and bigger population, so direct democracy would be hard - Roman Republic was founded in 508 BCE
Wealthy male citizens voted for representatives (Senators)
The Senators elected two consuls to head the government and manage the army
3 Branches of Government
The Senate
Citizen Assembly and Tribunes (for the commoners)
The Consuls – Executive Branch

13. Ancient Rome continued
Each branch of government could check the other branches
Laws were posted in the public for all to see

14. England’s Influence
England took the Ancient Greek and Roman influence into their system
Parliament – law making
Magna Carta
Constitutional Monarchy
Magna Carta of 1215 – King had to follow laws and citizens had guaranteed rights
Set up the idea of trials and that a King had limits

15. Democracy in America
Greek and Roman ideas heavily influenced the American government and its documents
America, even as a colony, was too big for a direct democracy
Today, we have a representative democracy, citizens elect representatives to pass laws for them at local and national levels
Also has 3 branches of government:
Executive – President
Judicial – Supreme Court
Legislative – Senate and the House of Representatives

17. Industrial Revolution
What is Industrialization?
A country going from farming to manufacturing
What is made by machines?
Clock, smartboard, pencil sharpener, computer, desks and chairs, A/C unit
Which is better; mass produced or handmade?
Mass produced – stronger, better quality
Handmade – extra detail, one of a kind and unique

18. Industrial Revolution
How did people live in rural Britain?
Small, country villages that needed farming. Was a hard and difficult life
What factors contributed to Britain’s birthplace role?
Had coal and iron ore, was stable, had raw materials and a marketplace
Britain’s relationships with other countries:
Jealousy and/or competition with other European nations for materials and territory

19. Industrial Revolution
What is it?
Who invented/improved it?
Why is it important?
Coke-Fueled Furnace
Abraham Darby
Lowers the cost of cast iron goods
Process for mass-producing steel
Henry Bessemer
More steel can be produced for materials needed
First Steam Engine
Thomas Newcomen
Sets up the model for the future steam engine
First Modern Steam Engine
James Watt
Machinery can now be powered

20. Industrial Revolution
Environmental effects of industrialization?
Air pollution
Water pollution
Cities become crowded
Positive and negative aspects?
Positive – more jobs and goods/products; products are now cheaper and of stronger quality
Negative – jobs are dangerous; damaging effects to the environment

21. Middle Ages and Christianity
THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH
Helped unite people
Played a leading role in government by collecting taxes
Made its own laws
Waged wars
Began a series of Crusades to win back lands from Muslim control

22. MIDDLE AGES AND CHRISTIANITY
THE FEUDAL SYSTEM
PROVIDED SOCIAL STRUCTURE
PROVIDED SECURITY
ORGANIZED LIKE A PYRAMID; KING AT THE TOP, THEN LORDS, THEN VASSALS
SERFS FARMED IN EXCHANGE FOR SHELTER AND PROTECTION (AT THE BOTTOM OF THE PYRAMID)

23. Middle Ages and Christianity
The Growth of Towns
Helped end the feudal system
Trade a business developed
Allowed for the plague to spread, killing millions
Employers needed workers, raised wages to attract more to cities

24. Renaissance and Reformation
Factors
Towns helped end the feudal system
The Roman Catholic Church started to lose power
Some merchants grew wealthy, allowing them patronage to the arts
The Byzantine Empire fell and scholars came to Italy bringing old greek and roman writings
Studies encouraged humanism
Gutenberg developed a printing press; gave more people access to knowledge

25. Renaissance and Reformation
Effects
Growth of art with a new style and approach
Growth of architecture; new elements
Growth of literature; writings in everyday language instead of Latin
People began to look more critically towards the church
Martin Luther objected to corruption in the church and started the Reformation