1. AIM: How did Johnson’s Reconstruction plans change American society?
Lesson Plan for Thursday, November 13, 2008: Warm-Up Question, Finish Reconstruction notes

2. Andrew Johnson as President
The irony of Andrew Johnson:
The 1st Reconstruction president was a Southern Democrat & fervent white supremacist
Johnson was elected as VP in 1864 to balance Lincoln’s ticket
He was the only southern Senator to remain loyal to the Union & hated the South’s elite

3. Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan:
"amnesty and pardon" to any Southerner who would swear allegiance to the Union and the Constitution
ex-Confederate leaders should not be eligible for amnesty (like in Lincoln's plan) 
state needed to abolish slavery before being readmitted
States must declare secession illegal & ratify the 13th Amendment
13th Amendment (Dec. 1865)
“Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction.”
Created,, &

4. Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)
What were some of the things former slaves would need after getting their freedom?
Created by the Radical Republicans (believed blacks were entitled to the same political rights and opportunities as whites)
Food, clothing, jobs, medical care to freed slaves and poor whites
“A Government which was lately fighting us with fire, and sword, and shell, now generously feeding our poor and distressed…”
One of the most important tasks was to set up schools for freed slaves in the South
By 1869, about 300,000 African Americans attended bureau schools.
Most teachers were volunteer women from the North.

5. Freedmen’s Bureau School

6. Freedmen’s Bureau School

7. “Many of the negroes common plantation negroes, and day laborers in the towns and villages, were supporting little schools themselves. Everywhere I found them hoping to get their children into schools. I often noticed that workers in stores and men working in warehouses, and cart drivers on the streets, had spelling books with them, and were studying them during the time they were not working. Go outside any large town in the South, and walk among the negro housing, and you will see children and in many cases grown negroes, sitting in the sun alongside their cabins studying."
Source: Sidney Andrews quoted in the Joint Report on Reconstruction, The document above is an excerpt from a report by a Northern white man to the United States government in 1866.
What does this excerpt tell you about African Americans’ reaction to their new freedom and the creation of the Freedmen’s Bureau?

8. How does this political ad show the animosity towards the Freedman’s Bureau?
How did prevailing racial assumptions shape both the cartoon and the report?
What state is this from?

9. Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes
“Plenty to eat & nothing to do”

10. –Heather Cox Richardson, Harvard University
“Northern anxiety about an expanding government in the hands of those unwilling to work, who would enact welfare-type legislation to confiscate the property of the true workers in America.”
–Heather Cox Richardson, Harvard University
January 1879 cartoon from Harper’s Weekly despicting “Mr. Solid South” writing out the straegy of racial resentment: The Blak man orter be eddikated afore he kin vote with us Wites.”

11. Southern states agreed to ban slavery, BUT…
Many Southern state governments still wanted to limit the rights of African Americans.
Revival of southern defiance!
BLACK CODES

12. Black Codes VIDEO Turn and Talk ACTIVITY:
While you watch: What were some effects of Black Codes on newly freed African Americans?
Turn and Talk ACTIVITY:
Read through the Black codes and rank them worst to least worst.
Explain why your #1 is the worst.
VIDEO

13. Black Codes: A New Slavery?
Violence & discrimination against freedmen to limit their new-found freedom:
Used by southerners to keep former slaves from voting, getting jobs, buying land
1,000s of blacks were murdered
U.S. army did not have enough troops to keep order in the South
Black Codes forced African Americans to work on farms or as servants.
They also prevented African Americans from owning guns, holding public meetings, or renting property in cities.
Meant to keep African Americans from gaining political or economic power.

15. With ONE partner, analyze
the chart to the left…
What conclusions can you draw from this information in the RED BOXES?
List and give an explanation for each one in your notebook.

16. Radical Reconstruction
Congress, led by Thaddeus Stevens, trumped Johnson by passing it its own Radical Reconstruction plan in 1867:
Allowed quick re-entry for states that supported black suffrage
Ex-Confederates couldn’t vote
And…
Thaddeus Stevens the most influential of the “radical” Republicans; He opposed the Crittenden Compromise, led the impeachment charges against Johnson, & drafted the Radical Reconstruction plan used from 1867 to 1877

17. 1866: Radical Republican Congress voted to OVERRIDE Johnson’s vetoes…
Also feared that Democrats could win over Congress soon, so they looked for a permanent solution to help ALL African Americans…
Defined the meaning of “citizenship” for anyone born in the United States
By defining citizens as anyone born in the United States, how did this Amendment create future conflict?

18. Reconstruction Amendments
The Constitution was changed to reflect the changes in gov’t and society following the Civil War
13th Amendment (Dec. 1865) =
14th Amendment (July 1868) =
15th Amendment (Feb. 1869) =
Think-Pair-Share:
1. What is the importance of each of these Amendments? Explain.
2. Is one more important than another? Explain.
Abolishes slavery
& frees slaves
Citizenship to African Americans,
equal protection clause
Right to vote for ALL men

19. RADICAL PLANS Why would the military be sent to occupy the south?
Soldiers sent to ensure protection for freed African Americans (esp. guarantee voting rights)
RADICAL PLANS

20. Created 5 military districts to enforce acts
But, Radical Reconstruction was so dependent on massive & sustained federal aid that it was not adequate to enforce equality in the South…
The success of Reconstruction
…and Johnson obstructed Republicans’ plans by removing sympathetic cabinet members & generals

21. Impeachment of Johnson
TAKE A PICTURE of this slide!
Impeachment of Johnson
Andrew Johnson was impeached in 1868 by the RADICAL REPUBLICANS
His crime?
He violated the Tenure of Office Act – remove officials only with Senate approval – asked his Secretary of War to PEACE OUT! (Johnson thought he was a SPY)
It was designed to catch Johnson when he fired a Cabinet member
Johnson went on Trial in the Senate
He was NOT convicted! Therefore…
He was NOT removed from office.

22. The Senate Trial 11 week trial.
Don’t Copy this slide!
The Senate Trial
11 week trial.
Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3s vote).
Served last few months, and was no longer president.

23. VIDEO

24. The 1868 Election
VS.

25. Waving the Bloody Shirt!
Revived gory memories of the Civil War; helped elect Ulysses S. Grant as President in 1869