1. An Age of Empires Rome
753B.C.E.- 600C.E.

2. Rome’s Mediterranean Empire A Republic of Farmers
Rome was inhabited at least as early as 1000 b.c.e.
According to legend it was ruled by seven kings between 753 b.c.e. and 507 b.c.e.
Kingship was eliminated in 507 b.c.e. when representatives of the senatorial class of large landholders overthrew the last king and established a republic.
Rome had access to timber, metal, rivers, fertile soil.

3. The centers of political power were the two consuls and the Senate
The centers of political power were the two consuls and the Senate. In practice, the Senate made laws and governed.
Elite (patricians) Majority (plebeians). Conflict was frequent.
The Roman family consisted of several generations living under the absolute authority of the oldest living male, the paterfamilias.
Farming was the main occupation of Romans.
Land was the basis of wealth.

4. Roman women Had relatively more freedom than Greek women
But their legal status was still that of a child
Subordinate to the paterfamilias of her own or her husband’s family.
Eventually procedures evolved which made it possible for some women to become independent after the death of their fathers.

5. Religion
Romans worshiped a large number of supernatural spirits as well as major gods such as Jupiter and Mars.
Proper performance of ritual ensured that the gods continued to favor the Roman state.

6. The Roman Religion

7. A she-wolf nursing Rome's founders, Romulus and Remus
A she-wolf nursing Rome's founders, Romulus and Remus. In the Roman myth, the god Mars fathered the twins Romulus and Remus and left them to die. They were rescued and raised by a she-wolf, and they went on to found the city of Rome on Palatine Hill. The original figures of the twins in this Etruscan bronze were destroyed in 65 B.C.; new ones were added during the Renaissance.

8. A 2nd-century A. D. marble statue of Mercury
A 2nd-century A.D. marble statue of Mercury. The Roman god Mercury (known to the Greeks as Hermes) was the messenger of the gods, the leader of souls to the underworld, and the inventor of the lyre and the alphabet. He personified cunning and was a patron of roads, commerce, and invention, as well as a protector of travelers, thieves and athletes. Here, Mercury carries a purse indicating his role as protector of merchants and is standing beside a milepost called a "herm," similar to those used along Roman roads.

9. A bronze statue of Jupiter with a club, 4th-3rd century B. C
A bronze statue of Jupiter with a club, 4th-3rd century B.C. Jupiter (known to the Greeks as Zeus) was the supreme deity in the classical Greco-Roman pantheon. He was the god of weather and the protector of the family and the household. Jupiter continued to be worshipped during the Imperial period, and several Roman emperors identified themselves with him.

10. Expansion in Italy and the Mediterranean
Rome began to expand, at first slowly and then very rapidly in the third and second centuries b.c.e. until it became a huge Mediterranean empire
Possible explanations for this expansion include:
Greed
Aggressiveness
The need for consuls to prove themselves as military commanders during their single year in office
A constant fear of being attacked.

11. During the first stage of expansion, Rome conquered the rest of Italy (by 290 b.c.e.).
Rome won the support of the people of Italy by granting them Roman citizenship
As citizens, these people then had to provide soldiers for the military.

12. A map of the expansion of the Roman Empire from Augustus to Hadrian, 31 B.C. to 138 A.D. Between 268 and 31 B.C., all of the land that bordered the Mediterranean had come under Roman control. During the first hundred years of the empire, most of Rome?s expansion was to the north and east, with very little territory added after that time

13. In the next stages of expansion, Rome first defeated Carthage to gain control over the western Mediterranean and Sicily, Sardinia, and Spain (264–202 b.c.e.).
Next, between 200 and 30 b.c.e., Rome defeated the Hellenistic kingdoms to take over the lands of the Eastern Mediterranean. Between 59 and 51 b.c.e.

14. Roman Territories Gaius Julius Caesar conquered the Celts of Gaul.
The Romans used local elite groups to administer and tax the various provinces of their rapidly expanding and far-flung empire. Helped gain favor with locals.
Administrators were indept.

15. Julius Caesar

16. The Failure of the Republic
As Rome expanded, the social and economic bases of the Roman republic in Italy were undermined
While men from independent farming families were forced to devote their time to military service, large landowners bought up their land to create great estates called latifundia.
This meant both a decline in Rome’s source of soldiers and a decline in food production
latifundia owners preferred to grow cash crops like grapes rather than staple crops such as wheat.

17. Since slave labor was cheap in an expanding empire, Italian peasants, driven off the land and not employed by the latifundia
They drifted into the cities where they formed a fractious unemployed underclass.

18. Independent farming families that had been the traditional source of soldiers disappeared
Roman commanders would have to build their armies from men from the underclass who tended to give their loyalty, not to the Roman state, but to their commander
This led to generals taking control of politics, to civil wars, and finally to the end of the republican system of government.

19. Rule of Emperors
Julius Caesar’s grandnephew Octavian (also known as Augustus) took power in 31 b.c.e., reorganized the Roman government, and ruled as a military dictator
After Augustus died, several members of his family succeeded him.
However, the position of emperor was not necessarily hereditary; in the end, armies chose emperors