1. Tuesday, October 24 Assessments: Upcoming Dates: Today’s topic:
How did you learn how to (choose one of the following) drive, swim or ride a bike (or something similar)? Specifically describe how you learned.
How did you learn that what you were doing was correct?
Have you ever taught someone else how to do something? What was it and how did you teach them (please specifically explain and describe how you taught them)? 
How do you know that learning has occurred?
Name a time that you have learned something through Classical Conditioning.
Today’s topic:
Operant Conditioning
Upcoming Dates:
Homework:
Terms
Read
Assessments:
Test, Monday

2. Wednesday, October 25
Name a type of reward/reinforcement you have received recently by parents, friends, teachers, coaches, etc.
Why did you get it? Did you learn from the reinforcement?
Name a type of punishment you have received recently by parents, friends, teachers, coaches, etc.
Why did you get it? Did you learn from the punishment?
Do you ever reward or punish yourself for your behavior? Examples.
Today’s topic:
Operant Conditioning
Upcoming Dates:
Homework:
Terms
Read
Assessments:
Retest is Friday
Test, Monday 10/30
Terms due 10//30

3. Operant Conditioning
SKINNER

4. Operant Conditioning
Learning in which behaviors are strengthened/diminished by consequence
Respondent behavior – behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
Operant behavior – behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

5. Skinner’s Experiment
Controlled rats’, and later pigeons’, behaviors with an operant chamber (Skinner box)
contained a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animal’s rate of bar pressing or key pecking
Based on Thorndike’s Law of Effect – rewarded behavior is likely to reoccur, punished behavior is likely to diminish

6. Shaping
Skinner used shaping – an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
Reinforcement – anything that STRENGTHENS behaviors
Punishment – anything that DIMINISHES behavior

7. Positive
Negative
Reinforcement
Adding a desired stimulus
Removing an undesired stimulus
Punishment
Adding an undesired stimulus
Removing a desired stimulus
Positive… Adding/+
Negative… Removing/-
Big Bang Theory – Sheldon trains Penny
Big Bang Theory – Negative Reinforcement vs. Positive Punishment

8. Operant Conditioning Examples
Receiving praise for A+ in AP Psych.
Positive reinforcement – addition of something good to encourage you to study again.
Lunch detention for being late to class.
Positive punishment – addition of something bad to discourage your tardiness.
No homework in class because everyone’s behavior was on point!
Negative reinforcement – removal of something bad to encourage the behavior
You get your phone taken away for Snapchatting in class.
Negative punishment – removal of something good to discourage you from using your phone in class.

9. Thursday, March 16
Give an example of a +/- reinforcement of +/- punishment that you received yesterday.
Give an example of a primary reinforcer. Give an example of a secondary/conditioned reinforcer.
Why did you take AP Psychology?
What is modeling? Give an example.
Today’s topic:
Observational Learning and Intro To Memory
Upcoming Dates:
Homework:
Terms
Read
Assessments:
Test, Thursday

10. Primary and Secondary Reinforcers
Primary – a stimulus (food, water) that is naturally satisfying and requires no learning to be pleasurable
Secondary/Conditioned – a stimulus that has acquired its reinforcing power through experience (usually through its link with a primary)

11. Reinforcement Schedules
Continuous reinforcement
Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs during acquisition; typically used at the beginning of an operant conditioning process (during acquisition)
EX: Parent gives child praise or gives a piece of candy every time they use the bathroom during the potty-training process

12. Reinforcement Schedules
Partial or Intermittent Reinforcement
reinforcing a response only part of the time
Fixed-ratio
Reinforces a response only after a set/certain number of responses
People paid on piecework (every 30 pieces),
Variable-ratio
Reinforces a response after varying/unpredictable numbers of responses
Slot-machines
Fixed-interval
Reinforces behavior only after a certain amount of time has passed
Weekly paychecks, waiting for pudding/Jell-O to set
Variable-interval
Reinforces behavior after varying/unpredictable time intervals
Pop quizzes, your boss checking your work randomly

13. Motivation
The type of motivation can affect the effectiveness of reinforcements and punishments
Intrinsic motivation – the desire to perform a behavior for its own sake.
Extrinsic motivation – the desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment.
Using rewards to encourage/bribe people in an activity they already enjoy inhibits intrinsic motivation
Children who were normally avid readers were paid for reading and their reading amount decreased  positive reinforcement backfired

14. Skinner’s Legacy and Applications
Skinner adamantly refused to acknowledge the influence of cognitive processes (thoughts and feelings) held any power in shaping behaviors
Operant conditioning is used at school, in sports, at work, at home and for self-improvement

15. COMPARING CLASSICAL AND OPERANT CONDITIOING
Page 241
COMPARING CLASSICAL AND OPERANT CONDITIOING
CLASSICAL
OPERANT
Response
Involuntary, automatic
Voluntary, operates on environment
Acquisition
Associating events; CS elicits CR which was the UR
Associating response with a consequence (reinforce or punisher)
Extinction
CR decreases when CS is repeatedly presented alone
Responding decreases when reinforcement stops
Cognitive processes
Organisms develop expectations and predictions
Organisms develop expectations that a response will be reinforced or punished; they also exhibit latent learning, without reinforcement
Biological predispositions
Natural predispositions constrain what stimuli and responses can easily be associated
Organisms best learn behaviors similar to their natural behaviors; unnatural behaviors instinctively drift back toward natural ones.

16. Friday, March 17
Give an example of something that you learned by watching someone.
What are mirror neurons?
Give some examples of prosocial and antisocial behavior.
What are some dangers of watching too much violence in the media?
Today’s topic:
Observational Learning and Intro To Memory
Upcoming Dates:
Homework:
Terms
Read
Assessments:
Test, Thursday

17. Observational Learning
BANDURA

18. Observational Learning
Learning by observing others
Learning does not always happen as a byproduct of experience
Modeling – the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
Mirror neurons - frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so

19. Albert Bandura's Experiment
Experimental group of preschoolers was exposed to an adult beating a blow-up (Bobo) doll for 10 minutes and then left to see if they would do the same
children exposed to aggressive adult models were more likely to be aggressive towards the doll when alone with the toys

20. Social Learning Theory: Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment
The hypothesis: 
Control Group:
Experimental Group:
The independent variable:
The dependent variable:
A potentially confounding variable:

21. Application of Social Learning Theory
Prosocial Models
Antisocial Models

22. Application of Social Learning Theory
Prosocial Models
Antisocial Models

23. Application of Social Learning Theory
Prosocial Models
Antisocial Models

24. Applications of Observational Learning
Antisocial models may have antisocial effects (family, TV, movies, friends)
Prosocial behavior (positive, constructive, helpful) can have prosocial effects
Violent viewing correlates with violent play/actions
Violent TV/movies can desensitize children and adults to pain, death, and punishment.