Bohr Diagram, Electron configurations, and charges

Bohr Diagram, Electron configurations, and charges

First the rules Atomic number = the number of protons
Atomic mass = the number of protons and neutrons Periods are rows and run left to right Groups are columns and run top to bottom Shells: 1st: holds only 2 electrons (relates to the first period) 2nd: holds only 8 electrons (relates to the second period) 3rd: holds only 8 electrons (relates to the third period)

First the rules Group 1 Group 2 Group 18/8A Group 13/3A Group 14/4A

First the rules PERIOD 1 PERIOD 2 PERIOD 3 PERIOD 4

First the rules Groups are columns and run up and down, they increase by one going left to right Periods are the rows and run left to right, they increase by one going from up to down Group 1 Group 18/8A Group 2 Group 13/3A Group 14/4A Group 15/5A Group 16/6A Group 17/7A PERIOD 1 PERIOD 2 PERIOD 3 PERIOD 4

Reading the periodic table
ATOMIC NUMBER = NUMBER OF PROTONS ATOMIC SYMBOL = ELEMENT IDENTIFICATION ATOMIC MASS = NUMBER OF PROTONS AND NEUTRONS IN THE NUCLEUS IF THE ELEMENT HAS A NUETRAL CHARGE THEN THE NUMBER OF ELECTRONS IS THE SAME AS THE NUMBER OF PROTONS

First the rules OUTSIDE THE NUCLEUS Electrons (e-): INSIDE THE NUCLEUS
(-) negatively charged Located outside the nucleus No mass ELECTRON SHELLS INSIDE THE NUCLEUS Protons: (+) positively charged Located in the nucleus 1 amu Neutron: No charge

Bohr diagrams and explanations
Hydrogen Remember the rules: Atomic number= # of Protons Atomic mass = # protons + # neutrons Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus Electrons are located outside the nucleus

HELIUM Remember the rules: Atomic number= # of Protons Atomic mass = # protons + # neutrons Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus Electrons are located outside the nucleus

Remember the rules: LITHIUM Atomic number= # of Protons Atomic mass = # protons + # neutrons Round up to an atomic mass of 7 Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus Electrons are located outside the nucleus ONLY 2 ELECTONS CAN GO IN THE FIRST SHELL SO WE HAVE TO ADD ANOTHER SHELL

Remember the rules: BERYLLIUM Atomic number= # of Protons Atomic mass = # protons + # neutrons Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus Electrons are located outside the nucleus ONLY 2 ELECTONS CAN GO IN THE FIRST SHELL SO WE HAVE TO ADD ANOTHER SHELL Hint: “Be” is in PERIOD 2 = draw two shells (first shell holds 2 electrons) Hint: “Be” is in GROUP 2 = 2 electrons are on the second shell Hint: Adding all the electrons should be equal to the number of protons and the atomic number

Remember the rules: BORON Atomic number= # of Protons Atomic mass = # protons + # neutrons Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus Electrons are located outside the nucleus ONLY 2 ELECTONS CAN GO IN THE FIRST SHELL SO WE HAVE TO ADD ANOTHER SHELL Hint: “B” is in PERIOD 2 = draw two shells (first shell holds 2 electrons) Hint: “B” is in GROUP 3A = 3 electrons are on the second shell Hint: Adding all the electrons should be equal to the number of protons and the atomic number

Remember the rules: CARBON Atomic number= # of Protons Atomic mass = # protons + # neutrons Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus Electrons are located outside the nucleus ONLY 2 ELECTONS CAN GO IN THE FIRST SHELL SO WE HAVE TO ADD ANOTHER SHELL Hint: “C” is in PERIOD 2 = draw two shells (first shell holds 2 electrons) Hint: “C” is in GROUP 4A = 4 electrons are on the second shell Hint: Adding all the electrons should be equal to the number of protons and the atomic number

Remember the rules: NITROGEN Atomic number= # of Protons Atomic mass = # protons + # neutrons Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus Electrons are located outside the nucleus ONLY 2 ELECTONS CAN GO IN THE FIRST SHELL SO WE HAVE TO ADD ANOTHER SHELL Hint: “N” is in PERIOD 2 = draw two shells (first shell holds 2 electrons) Hint: “N” is in GROUP 5A = 5 electrons are on the second shell Hint: Adding all the electrons should be equal to the number of protons and the atomic number

Remember the rules: OXGYEN Atomic number= # of Protons Atomic mass = # protons + # neutrons Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus Electrons are located outside the nucleus ONLY 2 ELECTONS CAN GO IN THE FIRST SHELL SO WE HAVE TO ADD ANOTHER SHELL Hint: “O” is in PERIOD 2 = draw two shells (first shell holds 2 electrons) Hint: “O” is in GROUP 6A = 6 electrons are on the second shell Hint: Adding all the electrons should be equal to the number of protons and the atomic number

FLOURINE Remember the rules: Atomic number= # of Protons Atomic mass = # protons + # neutrons Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus Electrons are located outside the nucleus ONLY 2 ELECTONS CAN GO IN THE FIRST SHELL SO WE HAVE TO ADD ANOTHER SHELL Hint: “F” is in PERIOD 2 = draw two shells (first shell holds 2 electrons) Hint: “F” is in GROUP 7A = 7 electrons are on the second shell Hint: Adding all the electrons should be equal to the number of protons and the atomic number

Remember the rules: NEON Atomic number= # of Protons Atomic mass = # protons + # neutrons Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus Electrons are located outside the nucleus ONLY 2 ELECTONS CAN GO IN THE FIRST SHELL SO WE HAVE TO ADD ANOTHER SHELL Hint: “Ne” is in PERIOD 2 = draw two shells (first shell holds 2 electrons) Hint: “Ne” is in GROUP 8A = 8 electrons are on the second shell Hint: Adding all the electrons should be equal to the number of protons and the atomic number

Remember the rules: SODIUM Atomic number= # of Protons Atomic mass = # protons + # neutrons Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus Electrons are located outside the nucleus ONLY 2 ELECTONS CAN GO IN THE FIRST SHELL, 8 IN THE SECOND, SO WE HAVE TO ADD ANOTHER SHELL Hint: “Na” is in PERIOD 3 = draw three shells (first shell holds 2 electrons, second shell holds 8) Hint: “Na” is in GROUP 1 = 1 electron on the third shell Hint: Adding all the electrons should be equal to the number of protons and the atomic number

Remember the rules: MAGNESIUM Atomic number= # of Protons Atomic mass = # protons + # neutrons Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus Electrons are located outside the nucleus ONLY 2 ELECTONS CAN GO IN THE FIRST SHELL, 8 IN THE SECOND, SO WE HAVE TO ADD ANOTHER SHELL Hint: “Mg” is in PERIOD 3 = draw three shells (first shell holds 2 electrons, second shell holds 8) Hint: “Mg” is in GROUP 2 = 2 electron on the third shell Hint: Adding all the electrons should be equal to the number of protons and the atomic number

Remember the rules: ALUMINUM Atomic number= # of Protons Atomic mass = # protons + # neutrons Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus Electrons are located outside the nucleus ONLY 2 ELECTONS CAN GO IN THE FIRST SHELL, 8 IN THE SECOND, SO WE HAVE TO ADD ANOTHER SHELL Hint: “Al” is in PERIOD 3 = draw three shells (first shell holds 2 electrons, second shell holds 8) Hint: “Al” is in GROUP 3A/13 = 3 electrons on the third shell Hint: Adding all the electrons should be equal to the number of protons and the atomic number

Remember the rules: SILICON Atomic number= # of Protons Atomic mass = # protons + # neutrons Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus Electrons are located outside the nucleus ONLY 2 ELECTONS CAN GO IN THE FIRST SHELL, 8 IN THE SECOND, SO WE HAVE TO ADD ANOTHER SHELL Hint: “Si” is in PERIOD 3 = draw three shells (first shell holds 2 electrons, second shell holds 8) Hint: “Si” is in GROUP 4A/14 = 4 electrons on the third shell Hint: Adding all the electrons should be equal to the number of protons and the atomic number

Remember the rules: PHOSPHORUS Atomic number= # of Protons Atomic mass = # protons + # neutrons Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus Electrons are located outside the nucleus ONLY 2 ELECTONS CAN GO IN THE FIRST SHELL, 8 IN THE SECOND, SO WE HAVE TO ADD ANOTHER SHELL Hint: “P” is in PERIOD 3 = draw three shells (first shell holds 2 electrons, second shell holds 8) Hint: “P” is in GROUP 5A/15 = 2 electrons on the third shell Hint: Adding all the electrons should be equal to the number of protons and the atomic number

Remember the rules: SULFUR Atomic number= # of Protons Atomic mass = # protons + # neutrons Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus Electrons are located outside the nucleus ONLY 2 ELECTONS CAN GO IN THE FIRST SHELL, 8 IN THE SECOND, SO WE HAVE TO ADD ANOTHER SHELL Hint: “S” is in PERIOD 3 = draw three shells (first shell holds 2 electrons, second shell holds 8) Hint: “S” is in GROUP 6A/16 = 6 electrons on the third shell Hint: Adding all the electrons should be equal to the number of protons and the atomic number

Remember the rules: CHLORINE Atomic number= # of Protons Atomic mass = # protons + # neutrons Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus Electrons are located outside the nucleus ONLY 2 ELECTONS CAN GO IN THE FIRST SHELL, 8 IN THE SECOND, SO WE HAVE TO ADD ANOTHER SHELL Hint: “Cl” is in PERIOD 3 = draw three shells (first shell holds 2 electrons, second shell holds 8) Hint: “Cl” is in GROUP 7A/17 = 7 electrons on the third shell Hint: Adding all the electrons should be equal to the number of protons and the atomic number

Remember the rules: ARGON Atomic number= # of Protons Atomic mass = # protons + # neutrons Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus Electrons are located outside the nucleus ONLY 2 ELECTONS CAN GO IN THE FIRST SHELL, 8 IN THE SECOND, SO WE HAVE TO ADD ANOTHER SHELL Hint: “Ar” is in PERIOD 3 = draw three shells (first shell holds 2 electrons, second shell holds 8) Hint: “Ar” is in GROUP 8A/18 = 8 electrons on the third shell Hint: Adding all the electrons should be equal to the number of protons and the atomic number

Remember the rules: POTASSIUM Atomic number= # of Protons Atomic mass = # protons + # neutrons Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus Electrons are located outside the nucleus ONLY 2 ELECTONS CAN GO IN THE FIRST SHELL, 8 IN THE SECOND, 8 IN THE THIRD SO WE HAVE TO ADD ANOTHER SHELL Hint: “K” is in PERIOD 4 = draw three shells (first shell holds 2 electrons, second shell holds 8, the third also holds 8) Hint: “K” is in GROUP 1= 1 electron on the fourth shell Hint: Adding all the electrons should be equal to the number of protons and the atomic number

Remember the rules: CALCIUM Atomic number= # of Protons Atomic mass = # protons + # neutrons Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus Electrons are located outside the nucleus ONLY 2 ELECTONS CAN GO IN THE FIRST SHELL, 8 IN THE SECOND, 8 IN THE THIRD SO WE HAVE TO ADD ANOTHER SHELL Hint: “Ca” is in PERIOD 4 = draw three shells (first shell holds 2 electrons, second shell holds 8, the third also holds 8) Hint: “Ca” is in GROUP 2 = 2 electrons on the fourth shell Hint: Adding all the electrons should be equal to the number of protons and the atomic number

Electron Configuration

Few Rules

P block S block Periods. Left to right rows (like reading a sentence and it ends with a period) –O’Brien Groups: UP and down (columns)

You are filling up electrons as you move down the periodic table.
Each period/block is like a level in a video game you want to show your progress so you keep track Every electron will be accounted for ELEMENT PERIOD LOCATION GROUP LOCATION ELECTRON CONFIGURATION H 1 1s1 1s1 Hydrogen is in period 1 and in the s1 group. So he’s a 1s1 p1 p2 p3 p4 p5 p6 s1 s2

Each period/block is like a level in a video game you want to show your progress so you keep track Every electron will be accounted for ELEMENT PERIOD LOCATION GROUP LOCATION ELECTRON CONFIGURATION He 1 18 1s2 1s2 Helium is a jerk and doesn’t follow the pattern. He is in period 1 so he’s a 1s2 1s1 p1 p2 p3 p4 p5 p6 s1 s2

Each period/block is like a level in a video game you want to show your progress so you keep track Every electron will be accounted for ELEMENT PERIOD LOCATION GROUP LOCATION ELECTRON CONFIGURATION Li 2 1 1s22s1 Lithium is in period 2 and in the s1 group. So he’s a 1s22s1 If you imagine each period and block as a level of a game you are keeping track of where you have been so you want to show off 1s2 1s1 p1 p2 p3 p4 p5 p6 s1 s2

Each period/block is like a level in a video game you want to show your progress so you keep track Every electron will be accounted for ELEMENT PERIOD LOCATION GROUP LOCATION ELECTRON CONFIGURATION Be 2 1s22s2 Beryllium is in period 2 and in the s2 group. So he’s a 1s22s2 1s2 1s1 p1 p2 p3 p4 p5 p6 s1 s2

Each period/block is like a level in a video game you want to show your progress so you keep track Every electron will be accounted for ELEMENT PERIOD LOCATION GROUP LOCATION ELECTRON CONFIGURATION B 2 3a 1s22s22p1 Boron is in period 2 and in the p1 group. So he’s a 1s22s22p1 1s2 1s1 p1 p2 p3 p4 p5 p6 s1 s2

Each period/block is like a level in a video game you want to show your progress so you keep track Every electron will be accounted for ELEMENT PERIOD LOCATION GROUP LOCATION ELECTRON CONFIGURATION C 2 4a 1s22s22p2 Carbon is in period 2 and in the p2 group. So he’s a 1s22s22p2 1s2 1s1 IF you add up all the exponents you should get the atomic number: 2+2+2=6 Carbon has an atomic number of 6 p1 p2 p3 p4 p5 p6 s1 s2

Each period/block is like a level in a video game you want to show your progress so you keep track Every electron will be accounted for ELEMENT PERIOD LOCATION GROUP LOCATION ELECTRON CONFIGURATION N 2 5a 1s22s22p3 Nitrogen is in period 2 and in the p3 group. So he’s a 1s22s22p3 1s2 1s1 IF you add up all the exponents you should get the atomic number: 2+2+3=7 Nitrogen has an atomic number of 7 p1 p2 p3 p4 p5 p6 s1 s2

Each period/block is like a level in a video game you want to show your progress so you keep track Every electron will be accounted for ELEMENT PERIOD LOCATION GROUP LOCATION ELECTRON CONFIGURATION O 2 6a 1s22s22p4 Oxygen is in period 2 and in the p4 group. So he’s a 1s22s22p4 1s2 1s1 p1 p2 p3 p4 p5 p6 s1 s2

Each period/block is like a level in a video game you want to show your progress so you keep track Every electron will be accounted for ELEMENT PERIOD LOCATION GROUP LOCATION ELECTRON CONFIGURATION F 2 7a 1s22s22p5 Fluorine is in period 2 and in the p5 group. So he’s a 1s22s22p5 1s2 1s1 p1 p2 p3 p4 p5 p6 s1 s2

Each period/block is like a level in a video game you want to show your progress so you keep track Every electron will be accounted for ELEMENT PERIOD LOCATION GROUP LOCATION ELECTRON CONFIGURATION Ne 2 8a 1s22s22p6 Neon is in period 2 and in the p6 group. So he’s a 1s22s22p6 1s2 1s1 p1 p2 p3 p4 p5 p6 s1 s2

Each period/block is like a level in a video game you want to show your progress so you keep track Every electron will be accounted for ELEMENT PERIOD LOCATION GROUP LOCATION ELECTRON CONFIGURATION Na 3 1 1s22s22p63s1 Sodium is in period 3 and in the s1 group. So he’s a 1s22s22p63s1 1s2 1s1 p1 p2 p3 p4 p5 p6 s1 s2

Each period/block is like a level in a video game you want to show your progress so you keep track Every electron will be accounted for ELEMENT PERIOD LOCATION GROUP LOCATION ELECTRON CONFIGURATION Mg 3 2 1s22s22p63s2 Magnesium is in period 3 and in the s2 group. So he’s a 1s22s22p63s2 1s2 1s1 p1 p2 p3 p4 p5 p6 s1 s2

Each period/block is like a level in a video game you want to show your progress so you keep track Every electron will be accounted for ELEMENT PERIOD LOCATION GROUP LOCATION ELECTRON CONFIGURATION Al 3 3a 1s22s22p63s23p1 Aluminum is in period 3 and in the p1 group. So he’s a 1s22s22p63s23p1 1s2 1s1 p1 p2 p3 p4 p5 p6 s1 s2

Each period/block is like a level in a video game you want to show your progress so you keep track Every electron will be accounted for ELEMENT PERIOD LOCATION GROUP LOCATION ELECTRON CONFIGURATION Si 3 4a 1s22s22p63s23p2 Magnesium is in period 3 and in the p2 group. So he’s a 1s22s22p63s23p2 1s2 1s1 p1 p2 p3 p4 p5 p6 s1 s2

Each period/block is like a level in a video game you want to show your progress so you keep track Every electron will be accounted for ELEMENT PERIOD LOCATION GROUP LOCATION ELECTRON CONFIGURATION P 3 5a 1s22s22p63s23p3 Phosphorus is in period 3 and in the p3 group. So he’s a 1s22s22p63s23p3 1s2 1s1 p1 p2 p3 p4 p5 p6 s1 s2

Each period/block is like a level in a video game you want to show your progress so you keep track Every electron will be accounted for ELEMENT PERIOD LOCATION GROUP LOCATION ELECTRON CONFIGURATION S 3 6a 1s22s22p63s23p4 Sulfur is in period 3 and in the p4 group. So he’s a 1s22s22p63s23p3 1s2 1s1 p1 p2 p3 p4 p5 p6 s1 s2

Each period/block is like a level in a video game you want to show your progress so you keep track Every electron will be accounted for ELEMENT PERIOD LOCATION GROUP LOCATION ELECTRON CONFIGURATION Cl 3 7a 1s22s22p63s23p5 Chlorine is in period 3 and in the p5 group. So he’s a 1s22s22p63s23p5 1s2 1s1 p1 p2 p3 p4 p5 p6 s1 s2

Each period/block is like a level in a video game you want to show your progress so you keep track Every electron will be accounted for ELEMENT PERIOD LOCATION GROUP LOCATION ELECTRON CONFIGURATION Ar 3 8a 1s22s22p63s23p6 Argon is in period 3 and in the p6 group. So he’s a 1s22s22p63s23p6 1s2 1s1 p1 p2 p3 p4 p5 p6 s1 s2

Each period/block is like a level in a video game you want to show your progress so you keep track Every electron will be accounted for ELEMENT PERIOD LOCATION GROUP LOCATION ELECTRON CONFIGURATION K 4 1 1s22s22p63s23p64s1 Potassium is in period 4 and in the s1 group. So he’s a 1s22s22p63s23p64s1 1s2 1s1 p1 p2 p3 p4 p5 p6 s1 s2

Each period/block is like a level in a video game you want to show your progress so you keep track Every electron will be accounted for ELEMENT PERIOD LOCATION GROUP LOCATION ELECTRON CONFIGURATION Ca 4 2 1s22s22p63s23p64s2 Potassium is in period 4 and in the s2 group. So he’s a 1s22s22p63s23p64s2 1s2 1s1 p1 p2 p3 p4 p5 p6 s1 s2

ELEMENT PERIOD GROUP ELECTRON CONFIGURATION H 1 1s1 He 18 1s2 Li 2 1s22s1 Be 1s22s2 B 3a 1s22s22p1 C 4a 1s22s22p2 N 5a 1s22s22p3 O 6a 1s22s22p4 F 7a 1s22s22p5 Ne 8a 1s22s22p6 Na 3 1s22s22p63s1 Mg 1s22s22p63s2 Al 1s22s22p63s23p1 Si 1s22s22p63s23p2 P 1s22s22p63s23p3 S 1s22s22p63s23p4 ELEMENT PERIOD GROUP ELECTRON CONFIGURATION Cl 3 7a 1s22s22p63s23p5 Ar 8a 1s22s22p63s23p6 K 4 1 1s22s22p63s23p64s1 Ca 2 1s22s22p63s23p64s2 Electron Configuration

You are filling up electrons as you move down the periodic table. Each period/block is like a level in a video game you want to show your progress so you keep track Every electron will be accounted for

How do you get charges on an element?

An ion is an element with a charge
Na+ Cl-

Charges can be positive or negative
If I want a negative charge, I simply add an electron Remember electrons are negative Cl-

If I want a positive charge can I add a proton?

You can never ever ever ever ever ever ever ever never ever ever ever add a proton. Why? What happens if I add a proton? You change the element. Protons are in the nucleus and we do not want to mess with that

So how do I get a positive charge? You LOSE an electron

So how do I get a positive charge? You LOSE an electron Na+

So how do I know if I will gain or lose an electron?
Every element wants to have a full outer shell. Some times it’s easier to lose an electron rather than gain many. Sometimes it’s easier to gain a few electrons rather than lose many. It’s all about that outer shell (valence electrons)

http://images.slideplayer.com/26/8302819/slides/slide_8.jpg 1 8A 2 3A

All of these would have a POSITIVE 1 charge
2 3A 5A 6A 7A It is easier to LOSE 1 electron than it is to gain 7 so GROUP 1 elements LOSE 1 electron All of these would have a POSITIVE 1 charge

All of these would have a POSTIVE 2 charge
1 8A 2 3A 5A 6A 7A It is easier to LOSE 2 electrons than it is to gain 6 so GROUP 2 elements lose 2 electrons All of these would have a POSTIVE 2 charge

All of these would have a POSITIVE 3 charge
1 8A 2 3A 5A 6A 7A It is easier to LOSE 3 electron than it is to gain 5 so GROUP 3A elements lose 3 electrons All of these would have a POSITIVE 3 charge

All of these would have a NEGATIVE 3 charge
1 8A 2 3A 5A 6A 7A It is easier to GAIN 3 electrons than it is to lose 5 so GROUP 5A elements gain 3 electrons All of these would have a NEGATIVE 3 charge

1 8A 2 3A 5A 6A 7A It is easier to GAIN 2 electrons than it is to lose 6 so GROUP 6A elements gain 2 electrons All of these would have a NEGATIVE 2 charge

2 3A 5A 6A 7A It is easier to GAIN 1 electron than it is to lose 7 so GROUP 7A elements gain 1 electron All of these would have a NEGATIVE 1 charge

1 8A 2 3A 5A 6A 7A GROUP 8A already has a full shell so it will neither gain nor lose any electrons

GAIN ELECTRONS NEGATIVE CHARGES LOSE ELECTRONS POSITIVE CHARGE
1 8A 2 3A 5A 6A 7A GAIN ELECTRONS NEGATIVE CHARGES LOSE ELECTRONS POSITIVE CHARGE

ELEMENT PERIOD GROUP CHARGE H 1 (+1) H+ He 18 none Ne Li 2 Li+ Be (+2) Be2+ B 3a (+3) B3+ N 5a (-3) N3- O 6a (-2) O2- F 7a (-1) F- 8a Na 3 Na+ Mg Mg2+ Al Al3+ P P3- S S2- Cl Cl- Ar K 4 K+ Ca Ca2+ Electron Configuration

The ability to attract electrons.
Electronegativity The ability to attract electrons. How badly the element wants to gain electrons Increases as you move from left to right along a period GAIN ELECTRONS NEGATIVE CHARGES INCREASE

The energy required to remove an electron
ionization The energy required to remove an electron INCREASE

Radius of an atom Atomic radii

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