1. AKA….Biotechnology/ Genetic Engineering
DNA Technology/3.0
AKA….Biotechnology/ Genetic Engineering

2. Reminders about DNA:
All cells have DNA.
DNA looks the same in all organisms but codes for different things.
The DNA is just ATCG’s. It cannot do anything outside of a cell. It needs enzymes and ribosomes to make protein.
One cell could use another cell’s DNA if it was inserted into the organism.

3. Restriction Enzyme: Enzyme that can cut the strong bonds of DNA.
Recombinant DNA
Genes from different sources are combined.
Ex. Frost resistance gene from potatoes put into strawberry DNA.
Terms to know:
Vector
The vector carries target DNA into a living cell.
Example: Plasmid-Circular piece of bacterial DNA
Donor Gene
The target gene that scientists want to use from an organism.
Restriction Enzyme: Enzyme that can cut the strong bonds of DNA.

4. How do scientists recombine the DNA?
Identify and isolate the target gene from the donor organism using restriction enzymes.
Cut the vector DNA open using the same restriction enzyme.
Then you put the target gene inside the vector (plasmid). They stick together like tape.
**Must be returned to a living cells**
When an organism receives this new recombined DNA it is called TRANSGENIC.

5. Restriction enzymes cut the DNA in a specific spot
Restriction enzymes cut the DNA in a specific spot. Sticky ends are open pieces of DNA that attach and seal to the new gene with ligase. Sticky Ends Plasmid

6. Transgenic Organisms
Living things that contain recombined DNA (DNA from another organism).
After the gene has been put into the new DNA it must be placed in a living cell.
These organisms can be used in:
Pharmaceuticals
Medical
Agriculture
Environmental Solutions

7. Creating Human Insulin
Got Silk? Video
Creating Human Insulin
Video

8. Transgenic bacteria producing HUMAN insulin.

9. Pope Francis gave his personal blessing to Golden Rice (GR)
Pope Francis gave his personal blessing to Golden Rice (GR). Why is this significant? Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is responsible for 500,000 cases of irreversible blindness and up to 2 million deaths each year. Particularly susceptible are pregnant women and children. Across the globe, an estimated 19 million pregnant women and 190 million children suffer from the condition. The good news, however, is that dietary supplementation of vitamin A can eliminate VAD. One way that holds particular promise is the administration via Golden Rice, which had been engineered to produce large amounts of vitamin A.

10. DNA Fingerprinting How do we see the pieces?
Everyone has unique sections of DNA but the restriction enzymes cut them into different sized pieces.
The way your DNA cuts is specific to you.
How do we see the pieces?
Gel Electrophoresis

11. Gel Electrophoresis
Separates DNA according to the size of the pieces (fragments)
DNA is put into a gelatin like substance and an electric charge is applied.
Since DNA is negatively charged which direction will it move?
Large pieces get “stuck” in the gel and smaller pieces can move further.

12. Uses for Gel Electrophoresis
DNA fingerprints for:
Forensics
Paternity testing
Sequencing DNA

13. practice

14. Cloning Organisms
Myths: 1. The cloned organism will be identical in every way to the original Clones cannot reproduce Clones look the same but some genes are different.
Truth: Cloning creates a new organism that has genes that are identical to the original organism.
Steps
Take a full set of DNA from one cell of an organism.
Put the DNA into a stem cell
Insert cell into an adult organism (if an animal) and allow the cell to develop into a full organism.

15. Cloning
Cloning of Dolly

16. Why Cloning? If it ain’t broke don’t fix it.
Make many copies of cells/ organs in the lab for use in medicine.
Plant Cloning…very simple and has been done for centuries

17. Human Genome Project
Project to identify all genes in human genome, determine the sequence of base pairs that make up human DNA
Completed in 2003
Accomplished using gene sequencing by gel electrophoresis(determining the exact order of bases in DNA)

18. HGP continued Eventually HGP info can help us with Gene Therapy
Correcting defective genes responsible for disease development through replacement with other genes
Not yet widespread and successful with humans.

19. Why is this important?
Biotechnology-use of living organisms to benefit society.
Genetic Engineering-manipulating genes of organisms to benefit society.
Applications? Forensics, Agriculture, Medicine, Pharmaceuticals, Others?….In vitro fertilization

20. DNA Technology Summary
How does it work?/What is it?
How is it useful to humans? Examples.
Recombinant DNA
Enzymes that cut DNA
Gel Electrophoresis and recombinant DNA
Separates DNA fragments based on size.
Cloning
Exact copies of cells or organisms.
Human Genome Project
Gene Therapy