1. Communication Issues in Research Lecture 3
ITECH 5500 Professional Research and Communication

2. Tutorial Submissions
Must reflect (or give me the impression) that you’ve done two hours work
This is our justification for closing Monday down
Otherwise – Monday will have to start up again
Please give your document a name that identifies you (your first name will do) together with which tutorial it is eg Tutorial2_Phil.doc
Also put your name on the document

3. Communication and Research
This course is about Research AND Communication
We’ve discussed some aspects of research
This week we’ll discuss aspects of communication and its relationship to research

4. Communication and Research
What aspects of communication are relevant to research?
Need to understand fellow professionals
Need to make clear your requirements to participants
Need to convince funding bodies (boss?) that your research is worth supporting
Need to understand the responses from your participants
Need to publicises the results of your research
Convince fellow professionals that your research is worth supporting

5. So what is communication?
The transmission of messages?
Social interaction through messages?
Reciprocal creation of meaning in a context?
Sharing of meaning through information, ideas and feelings?
Anything else?

6. Transmission model of Communication
Requires -
Source (Sender) and receiver
Message
Medium/channel
Obtain feedback
Noise interfere with communication

7. Transmission model of Communication
Mohan et al. (2013)

8. What causes “noise” The sender is NOT sure what message to communicate
The message is not clearly encoded
The wrong channel is chosen
The message is improperly decoded
The receiver lacks experience or time

9. To Summarise A sender sends a message
The receiver(s) receive the message
The message must be encoded in such a way as the receiver can obtain the correct meaning
The message must be transferred via an appropriate channel
Noise must be minimised

10. The transaction model of communication
(Cont.)
Mohan et al. (2013)

11. Transmission Model
Mohan et al. (2013)

12. Transaction model of Communication
Mohan et al. (2013)

13. Communication can be
Verbal
Involving words
Non Verbal

14. Verbal communication
Oral
Spoken
Written

15. What forms can oral communication take?
Conversations
Presentations
Video/audio recording
Video conferencing
Radio/TV
Mobile Phones
Skype

16. What forms can written communication take?
Facebook / Twitter
Newspapers / Magazines
Books
Reports
s/Broadcasts
Electronic media threatening paper-based forms?
Others?

17. Non Verbal Communication
What are some examples?
Logical

18. Non Verbal Communication
Tone of voice
Hand gestures
Position of body
Facial expressions
Body language in general
Others?
Logical

19. Most communication in a conversation is?
Non verbal
Furthermore, non-verbal communication is accurate
If there’s a conflict between verbal and non-verbal communication we always believe the non-verbal
Infa whole

20. Non Verbal Communication
Has anyone played poker?
“tells” are an attempt to read non-verbal signs in an opponent to make a more accurate guess at what their cards are
Road rage caused by lack of non-verbal communication?
Police investigators know when someone is lying because of non-verbal feedback
Logical

21. Non-verbal cues in a written communication
Less obvious
Can lead to big misunderstandings
What is one way we try to add non-verbal communication to our s?
Must be careful with the wording of written communications
Infa whole

22. Electronic media Infa whole
Has revolutionised our perceptions of the world and how we interact with it
Communication almost instantaneous
Social Media
Mobile Communication – smart phones
Web pages, blogs
Infa whole

23. Internet Infa whole Developed as a means to counter what?
When was the Internet created?
When was the World Wide Web given to us by Tim Berners Lee?
Can anyone remember a world without the web?
Infa whole

24. Implications of this Electronic journals and books
Electronic newspapers
Chat rooms
Virtual businesses
Virtual Communities of Practice

25. More implications What are the implications for Privacy?
Will the paperless office ever exist?
Bookshops shutting down
Is there a business without a web page any more?
New ways to interact both positively and negatively – cyber bullying

26. Even More implications
Social Media – electronic graffiti? Who knows. But it seems that it’s here to stay.
Straw poll – who has a facebook account? Twitter? Other?
But newspapers, paper books and journals are still here too
And my office is NOT paperless!

27. Even More implications - wow
The need for business to rethink how they communicate with the world
How are books/movies distributed?
How is information protected?
How do businesses operate? Do they even need to have a physical existence?

28. And again
How do businesses advertise? Is advertising on social media effective? Google? Yahoo?
Facebook floated for billions several years ago
Effects on commercial TV
And I think I’ll stop there.

29. Some tips for your presentation (and other communications)
Be clear about your reason for communicating
Take responsibility for your message
Organise the message to achieve your purpose
Be clear about your meaning
Use media of communication to your best advantage
Frame the message to suit receivers and the context
Enable receivers to respond- for feedback etc.

30. Some tips for your presentation (and other communications)
Understand your audience
Your audience will construct meaning depending upon such issues (among others) as
Culture
Gender
Age
Many, many others

31. Communication Dimensions
Intrapersonal communication
Interpersonal communication
Group communication
Public communication
Intercultural communication
Mediated communication

32. Communication Styles
The learning process of communication starts at an early age
This process generates different communication styles for individuals
The styles are based on our personality, socialisation, education and experiences
And thus, we develop communication skills that facilitate the style that works best for us.

33. Communication Styles- Commonly Used
Director (also known as Driver, Controller)-
Independent, decisive, and determined
Analyzer (also known as Thinker, Inquisitor)-
Critical thinking, thorough, and disciplined
Initiator (also known as Expresser, Socializer)-
Good communicator, enthusiastic, and imaginative
Relator (also known as Harmoniser, Contributor)-
Supportive, patient, and diplomatic

34. Communication Styles- Behavioural Matrix
Less Responsive(Task-Oriented)
Analyzer
Director
Relator
Initiator
Analyzer
Director
Relator
Initiator
Less Assertive
(Slow)
More Assertive
(Fast)
More Responsive (Relation-Oriented)

35. Effective Communication and 7 Cs
Effective communication is a two-way process that produces intended or desired result -
The right message to be sent; and received and understood correctly by the intended recipients.
Need to adapt the message according to recipients mindset etc.
7 C’s of effective communication-
“…much-quoted list, first provided by Cutlip and Center in 1952 in Effective Public Relations” (Wiki).
The 7 Cs are applicable to both written as well as oral communication.

36. 7 Cs of Effective Communication
Courtesy
Conciseness
Completeness
Clarity
Concreteness
Correctness
Consideration

37. 7 Cs of Effective Communication
Courtesy
Message must have positive, polite, friendly tone along with respect for the receiver's perceptions.
Conciseness
Message must be limited to essential and relevant contents avoiding excessive and repetitive words; Must be time-saving and cost-saving
Completeness
Communication must be complete and must be conveyed taking into consideration of the receiver’s mind set
Clarity
Clear or plain language; explicitness, short sentences and concrete words; completely avoiding complex language

38. 7 Cs of Effective Communication
Concreteness
Being specific, definite, and vivid rather than vague and general; should include convincing messages with specific facts and figures
Correctness
Message must be exact, correct and timely and must use appropriate language, grammar and structure
Consideration
Considering receiver’s view-points, background, mind-set, education level, etc. and receiver’s requirements, emotions as well as problems

39. References
Archee, R., Gurney, M. & Mohan, T. (2013). Communicating as Professionals (3rd ed.). South Melbourne, Vicoria: Cengage Learning. Chapter 1. Douglas, E. (2011), The Four Communication Styles, Hubpages. Retreived Novemer 25, 2014 from Shaw, G.B. (2012), Communication Styles. Maturitas Café: Learning and Living. Retreived November 29, 2014 from Vliet, V. V. (2012). 7 C’s of Business Communication. Retrieved Nov 28, 2014 from ToolsHero: