1. “Earth - Moon System” I. Earth’s Motions: A. Earth has 2 real motions.
1. Rotation- The turning or spinning motion of an object on an axis.
* Axis-
The imaginary line around which an object spins.
* Earth’s axis is tilted at 23 1/2 degrees from the perpendicular to earth’s orbital plane.
Orbital Plane - The slice of space where an object orbits
* For earth one rotation takes 24 hours.

2. “Earth - Moon System” I. Earth’s Motions: A. Earth has 2 real motions.
1. Rotation-
The turning or spinning motion of an object on an axis.
* Axis-
The imaginary line around which an object spins.
* Earth’s axis is tilted at 23 1/2 degrees from the perpendicular to earth’s orbital plane.
A.) Orbital Plane -
The slice of space where an object orbits.
* For earth one rotation takes 24 hours.

3. 2. Revolution-The circling of one object in space around another object.
Earth revolves around the sun at 107,826 Km/hr.
Earth’s average distance from the sun is 93 million miles or 150 million kilometers.
Aphelion - When earth is farthest away from the sun (July 4th furthest away. 152 million km. )
Perihelion - When earth is closest to the sun (January 3rd closest to the sun. 147 million km)
* For earth one revolution takes days. There is a leap every 4 years, makes up for the .25 days.

5. Earth’s Seasons A. Why does earth have seasons? B. Seasonal Dates:
1. Spring Equinox or Vernal Equinox:
* March 20/21
* First day of spring.
* Hours of daylight are the same in both hemispheres.

6. * North Pole is tilted toward the sun.
2. Summer Solstice:
(Latin for “The Sun Stands Still”)
* June 21/22
* First day of summer.
* North Pole is tilted toward the sun.
* Longest hours of sun light in the Northern Hemisphere.
*Sun’s direct rays are on the tropic of cancer (23 1/2 degrees North Latitude.)
* Continual Arctic Circle day light.
* Called “land of the midnight sun” .

7. 3. Fall Equinox or Autumn Equinox :
* September 22/23
* First day of fall.
Hours of day light are the same in both hemispheres.

8. 4. Winter Solstice :
* December 21/22
* First day of winter.
* North Pole is tilted away from the sun.
Shortest hours of sun light in the Northern Hemisphere.
* Sun’s direct rays are on the Tropic of Capricorn. (23 1/2 degrees South Latitude.)
* Continual Arctic Circle darkness.
* Land of the Mid-Day Moon.

9. “The Moon” I. Moon Characteristics: Moon’s Rotation and Revolution:
1. Moon’s Rotation = It’s Revolution.
2. This is why the same side of the moon faces the earth at all times.
days to travel around the Earth (to Sun).
B. Moon Structure:
1. Craters cover the surface.
2. First thought to be volcanic craters.
3. Now we know that meteorite impacts caused them.

10. 4. Rays- Streaks extending out from craters
4. Rays- Streaks extending out from craters. Caused by violent meteorite impacts
5. Maria- (Latin for seas or oceans) Low areas of dark soil where ancient lava flows covered the surface.
6. Marias were first thought to be seas or oceans by early astronomers.
7. The moon also has mountains (terra/highlands) as large as any on earth.

11. II. Phases of the moon:
The moon takes 29 1/2 days to complete all of its phases.
B. Phase Shapes:
1. Crescent - Banana shaped.
2. Quarter - Half-moon.
3. Gibbous - 3/4 of a circle.
4. Full - Complete circle
5. New - Not visible.
C. Phase Stages:
Waxing means to become brighter. New to full moon.
2. Waning means to become dim. Full to new moon.

12. D. The Phases of the Moon:
1. New Moon
2. Waxing Crescent
3. 1 st Quarter 1 2 3
4. Waxing Gibbous
5. Full Moon 4 5 6
6. Waning Gibbous
7. 3 rd or Last Quarter
8. Waning Crescent 7 8 9
9. New Moon

13. III. Eclipses:
A. Eclipse- The passing of one object into the shadow of another object.
B. Total Eclipses - When the object is fully eclipsed.
The eclipsed object must be completely in the umbra of the other object.
2. Umbra - The complete inner shadow of an object.
C. Partial Eclipses - When the eclipsed object is partially in the umbra and partially in the penumbra of the other object.
1. Penumbra - The partial shadow of an object.

16. Full Lunar Eclipse Partial Lunar Eclipse
D. Lunar Eclipses:
1. The full moon is in the earth’s shadow.
2. Approx. 2hrs. In length.
3. More often seen than solar eclipses.
Full Lunar Eclipse
penumbra
umbra
penumbra
Partial Lunar Eclipse
penumbra
umbra
penumbra

18. Full & Partial Solar Eclipse
E. Solar Eclipses:
1. The earth is in the shadow of the new moon.
2. Length from minutes.
3. Less often observed than lunar eclipses.
4. Very bright, dangerous eclipse.
5. Never look directly at it.
6. Brightest part of the sun (the corona) can be seen. (Will permanently damage the eyes.)
Full & Partial Solar Eclipse
penumbra
umbra
penumbra

19. IV. The Moon’s Origin:
The Fission Theory: The Moon was once part of the Earth and somehow separated from the Earth early in the history of the Solar System. The present Pacific Ocean basin is the most popular site for the part of the Earth from which the Moon came.
The CAPTURE Theory: The Moon was formed somewhere else, and was later captured by the gravitational field of the Earth.
The (CO-ACCRETION) : The Moon and the Earth condensed together from the original nebula that formed the Solar System.
The COLLISION RING Theory: An object the size of Mars struck the earth, ejecting large volumes of matter. A disk of orbiting material was formed, and this matter eventually condensed to form the Moon in orbit around the Earth.

20. V. Tides:
A. Tides- The periodic rise and fall of the ocean due to the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun.
1.) When the ocean levels are highest it is said to be high tide, and when they are the lowest it is said to be low tide.
B. Tidal Range- Is the difference in water level between high tide and low tide.
C. The moon effects tides more than the Sun because it is closer to the Earth.
D. Because of this, the Sun either increases the effect of the Moon or decreases the effect.

21. 1. ) Spring Tides- A tide of large range that
1.) Spring Tides- A tide of large range that occurs during the new moon phase or full moon phase.
* The Sun increases the effect of the Moon.

22. 1. ) Neap Tides- A tide of small range that
1.) Neap Tides- A tide of small range that occurs during the 1st quarter phase or 3rd quarter phase.
* The Sun decreases the effect of the Moon.