1. Unit 4: Geographic Change

2. Major Outcomes in this Unit
18.2 Explain how geographic factors influenced the migratory patterns of Paleolithic societies

3. 18.2 Paleolithic Migration Geographic Factors
The movements of Paleolithic societies from Africa into other areas was a major event in the history of human migration
Europe, Asia, Australia
North America was the last continent to be settled

4. 18.2 Paleolithic Migration Geographic Factors

5. Human-Environment Interaction: What do the migration routes of Homo sapiens reveal about their survival skills and ability to adapt?

6. 18.2 Paleolithic Migration Geographic Factors
A variety of natural features influenced the movement of societies during this time:
climate (e.g., temperature, precipitation, end of the last ice age);
landforms (e.g., mountains, valleys, fertile plains); and
water (e.g., large rivers, oceans, changing sea levels).

7. 18.2 Paleolithic Migration
The Site of a settlement describes the physical nature of where it is located.
Factors such as water supply, building materials, quality of soil, climate, shelter and defence were all considered when settlements were first established.

8. 18.2 Paleolithic Migration
Situation is defined as the location of a place relative to its surroundings and other places.
Factors included in an area's situation include the accessibility of the location, the extent of a place's connections with another, and how close an area may be to raw materials if they are not located specifically on the site.

9. 18.2 Paleolithic Migration Geographic Factors
Change and constancy were also important regarding the peopling of Earth
societies modified their culture to better adapt to their surroundings (change); the influence of climate on shelter and clothing
some elements of culture remained relatively fixed (constancy); the continued use of lithic technologies (e.g., projectile points).

10. 18.2 Paleolithic Migration Geographic Factors
When referring to this Paleolithic migration, here are two important concepts
Adaptation: adjusting to environmental conditions
Possibilism: How humans adjust to the challenges posed by the physical environment. 

11. 18.2 Paleolithic Migration North America
Traditional theory is that big game hunters from NE Asia arrived in NA during the last ice age via the Bering Land Bridge (Beringia)

12. 18.2 Paleolithic Migration North America
Beringia was the ancient land bridge that stretched from the Yukon to Siberia characterized as a vast plain full of nutritious grasses, herbs and flowering plants
This area served as a gateway between continents for plants, animals, and peoples

13. 18.2 Paleolithic Migration North America
From Beringia, people discovered a passage in the receding glaciers & eventually moved south from Alaska down through present-day Alberta to occupy the Americas (reaching the tip of S. Amer. within 1000 yrs)
The long term impact of this migration was the establishment & growth of Indigenous societies throughout the western hemisphere including here in our province.

14. 18.2 Paleolithic Migration North America Debate

15. 18.2 Paleolithic Migration North America
As the hunters spread to different parts of the Americas, they entered new environments.
People adapted by developing new cultures more suited to the resources available in the new environments.

16. 18.2 Paleolithic Migration North America

17. 18.2 Paleolithic Migration North America
Culture is the way a group of people lives, including its technology, language, family and social organization, government and religion.
A culture area is an area where people share many features of the same culture.
Often they will have similar technology, social arrangements, and religious beliefs but they may not belong to the same language family.

18. 18.2 Maritime Archaic Overview
Archaeologists have given the name “Maritime Archaic” to the culture of the aboriginal people who exploited the resources of the Atlantic coast from Labrador to Maine between 7,000 and 3,000 years ago.
Burial artifacts indicate a people whose technology, economy and spiritual culture were intimately associated with the sea and its resources

19. 18.2 Maritime Archaic Overview
"Archaic", which refers to an ancient pre-agricultural, or hunting and gathering, way of life found throughout eastern North America
“Maritime" for the important role that the sea and its resources played in the lives of Newfoundland and Labrador's first people.

20. 18.2 The Maritime Archaic Tradition Case Study
Read the case study & complete the questions to develop an understanding of the factors that influenced the migratory patterns of the Maritime Archaic to our province

21. 18.2 The Maritime Archaic Tradition Case Study
Review the video and add any relevant information to your case study responses