1. Tiana Houston Mikko 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Ryan LeAsia Trey Gabrielle Anna
David
Seth
Xenia
Lexi
Bryanna
Brooke
Keonna
Taylor
Nicholas
Derrick
Isabel
Johana
Brad
Dara
Tyran
Dustin
Ariesves
Avery
Dylan
Mykayla
Timothy
Sharra
Madison
Jordan
Kodiak 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

2. Preston Joshua Renato Destinee 1 2 3 4 5 7 6 8 9 Alexis Tonnie Jakeem
Jasmine
Colby
Jacob
KCI
Brittany
Justin
Shelby
Brennen
Anthony
Brionna
Kaitlyn
Mack
Moriah
Nikilah
Karion
Dajueanay
Delshawn
Kelsey
Juan
Brianna
Keynan
Darius
Amber
Kudra
Lydde
Michael
Yoeni 1 2 3 4 5 7 6 8 9

3. Bellringer
Which approach to psychology best matches each statement below
1. say that much of what shapes our personality takes place in our thoughts, feelings, wishes, and drives that operate below our level of conscious awareness
2. say each of us is like a perfect seed, if we get the right amount of water, nutrients, and sunlight from the environment, we will become the perfect flower.
3. say that a person’s memory problem is a result of a physical malfunction resulting from trouble at work.
Psychoanalytic
Humanistic
Biological

4. Research methods

5. Research Methods in Psychology
Psychologists must 1st decide how to approach the research issue. Then they conduct the research in one of a variety of ways to test a hypothesis, solve a problem, or confirm previous findings.

6. Naturalistic Observation
Study of a subject in a natural setting, without interfering.
Benefits: can directly observe the subject in a natural setting (instead of a lab)
Criticisms: (write 2 dangers)
can be difficult to determine the exact cause of a behavior
cannot control for outside variables
invalid if the subject realizes he/she is being watched.
Jane goodall -

7. Case Studies An intensive study of a person or group. Benefits:
thorough understanding of the behavior of subjects
can lead to new hypotheses.
Criticisms: results should not be generalized to anyone else.

8. Surveys
Gathering data by asking many individuals a fixed set of questions.
Benefits: practical way to gather data of large numbers of people.
Criticisms: participants may give misleading answers in order to make themselves look good.

9. Longitudinal Studies
Studying changes in the same group over a long period of time.
Benefits: allow researchers to examine consistencies and inconsistencies in behavior.
Criticisms: since longitudinal studies take years to complete, some participants may “disappear.”
Neil-

10. Longitudinal Studies:
Describe the purpose of this film.
Which individual featured in this interview do you find most intriguing? Why?
Do you think the fact that these individuals have participated in this longitudinal study throughout their lives has actually impacted the direction their lives have taken? Why or why not?

11. Cross Sectional Studies
A “snapshot” of data is collected from a variety of groups at once (often based on age but not always).
Benefits: less expensive and time-consuming than longitudinal studies.
Criticisms: It is difficult to interpret cause/effect.

12. Sampling
In order for a sample to be effective for research, it must be representative of the population a researcher is studying.
Two ways to ensure a representative sample:
Random Sample: each individual has an equal chance of being represented.
Stratified Sample: entire population is divided into sub- groups, and then a random sample is taken from each sub-group.

13. Please Copy the Following on a scratch piece of paper
Blue
Brown
Green
Orange
Red
Yellow
Observed f
Predicted %

14. A Tasty Sampler . . .
You will receive one sample package of “individuals.”
With your partner, it is vital that these samples survive throughout the entire activity.
You’ll separate your sample by color and record the number of each color on your chart in the “Observed f” row.
Next, divide the number of each color by the number of total individuals. Write this number in the “Predicted %” row.
Do you think the sample is an accurate distribution of the entire population of these individuals?

15. According to Mars, Inc . . .
The population distribution of M&M’s is as follows:
Was your sample an accurate representation of the population?
If it wasn’t, how could this be a problem in a real experiment?
Blue
Brown
Green
Orange
Red
Yellow %
24%
13%
16%
20%
14%

16. Research methods v. Experiments
Experiments are different from other research methods because they allow the psychologist to control the situation and decrease the possibility that outside variables will influence the results.

17. Experiments Use the scientific method:
Begin with a hypothesis: an educated guess about the expected outcome
Independent variable: the one experimenters change or alter so they can observe its effects.
Dependent variable: the one that changes in relation to the independent variable
Visual of Scientific Method add

18. Example
The number of hours you study (independent variable) affects your performance on an exam (dependent variable)
If (independent variable) happens, then (dependent variable) changes.

19. Experiments
Experimental group - participants who are exposed to the independent variable.
Control group - participants who are not exposed to the independent variable.
By comparing the two groups, researchers can determine whether the independent variable influences behavior and how it does so.
Experiments must be replicated (duplicated) by other psychologists and with other participants.
worksheet

20. Problems/Solutions in Research
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy - a researcher’s expectations influence that person’s own behavior, and thereby influence the participants behavior.

21. Avoiding Self-Fulfilling Prophecies:
Single-Blind Experiment: the participants do not know if they are the experiment group or the control group.
Double-Blind Experiment: neither the experimenter nor the participants know who has received which treatment.
(often used in the pharmaceutical industry)

22. Experiment Worksheet Read the different psychology experiments
Determine the variables and groups
Make sure your name is on it
You may work with your group
We will go over this to check for understanding

23. Exit Slip: Survey Project