1. Steps of the Scientific Method
Objective: Identify steps of the Scientific Method
© Lisa Michalek

2. The Scientific Method involves a series of steps that are used to investigate a natural occurrence.

3. Let us take a closer look at the steps and terminology you will need to understand before starting a science experiment.

4. 2. Observation/Research 3. Formulate a Hypothesis 4. Experiment
Scientific Method
1.Problem/Question
2. Observation/Research
3. Formulate a Hypothesis
4. Experiment
5. Collect and Analyze Results
6. Conclusion
7. Communicate the Results

5. Steps of the Scientific Method
Problem/Question
Develop a question or problem that can be solved through experimentation.

6. She tell him yeast releases a gas as it feeds on sugar.
Purpose/Question
John watches his grandmother bake bread. He ask his grandmother what makes the bread rise?
She tell him yeast releases a gas as it feeds on sugar.

7. Purpose/Question
Ex. John wonders if the amount of sugar used in the recipe will affect the size of the bread loaf?

8. Steps of the Scientific Method
Observation/Research
Make observations and research your topic of interest.

9. Research Write down all information you already know
Do research in books and online on the topic you are investigating
Ask experts on the subject you are researching
If you find an answer to your problem/question you do not need to move on

10. Observation/Research
Ex. John researches the areas of baking and fermentation and tries to come up with a way to test his question.
He keeps all of his information on this topic in a journal.

11. Steps of the Scientific Method
Formulate a Hypothesis
Predict a possible answer to the problem or question.

12. Hypothesis
The hypothesis is an educated guess about the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. It is written in a “If… then…” statement

13. Formulate a Hypothesis
After talking with his teacher and conducting further research, he comes up with a hypothesis.
Ex. “If more sugar is added, then the bread will rise higher.”

14. Independent Variable
The independent, or manipulated variable, is a factor that’s changed on purpose. There can only be 1 independent variable in an experiment

15. Dependent Variable
The dependent, or responding variable, is the factor that may change because of the changes made (independent variable)

16. Experiment
Develop a procedure, list the needed materials and then, determine the control group and experimental group. The outcome of an experiment must be measurable.

17. She discusses with John how to determine the control group.
Experiment
His teacher helps him come up with a procedure and list of needed materials.
She discusses with John how to determine the control group.

18. Controlled Experiment
An experiment is based on the comparison between a control group with an experimental group.
a) These two groups are identical except for one factor.
b) The control group serves as the comparison. It is the same as the experiment group, except that the one variable that is being tested is removed. “No treatment”
c) The experimental group shows the effect of the variable that is being tested. “treatment”

19. Control Group
Ex. Because his grandmother always used 50g. of sugar in her recipe, John is going to use that amount in his control group.

20. Constants
All other factors are kept the same so that any observed changes in the experiment can be attributed to the independent variable.

21. List 5 constants John will need:
John’s teacher reminds him to keep all other factors the same so that any observed changes in the bread can be attributed to the variation in the amount of sugar.
List 5 constants John will need:

22. Constants They might include:
Other ingredients to the bread recipe, oven used, rise time, brand of ingredients, cooking time, type of pan used, air temperature and humidity where the bread was rising, oven temperature, age of the yeast…

23. Trials
Trials refer to replicate groups that are exposed to the same conditions in an experiment.

24. Ex. John is going to test each sugar variable 3 times.
Trials
Trials refer to replicate groups that are exposed to the same conditions in an experiment.
Ex. John is going to test each sugar variable 3 times.

25. Steps of the Scientific Method
Collect and Analyze Results
Modify the procedure if needed.
Confirm the results by retesting.
Include tables, graphs, and photographs.

26. Collect and Analyze Results
Ex. John comes up with a table he can use to record his data.
John gets all his materials together and carries out his experiment.

27. Size of Baked Bread (LxWxH) cm3
Size of Bread Loaf (cm3)
Trials
Amt. of Sugar (g.) 1 2 3
Average
Size (cm3) 25
768
744
761
758 50
1296
1188
1260
100
1080
1116
250
672
576
588
612
500
432
504
360
Control group

28. Collect and Analyze Results
John examines his data and notices that his control worked the best in this experiment, but not significantly better than 100g. of sugar.

29. Steps of the Scientific Method
Conclusion
Include a statement that accepts or rejects the hypothesis.
Make recommendations for further study and possible improvements to the procedure.

30. Conclusion
Ex. John rejects his hypothesis, but decides to re-test using sugar amounts between 50g. and 100g.

31. Conclusion John finds that 70g. of sugar produces the largest loaf.
His hypothesis is accepted.

32. Steps of the Scientific Method
Communicate the Results
Be prepared to present the project to an audience.
Expect questions from the audience.

33. Quick Peter Rabbit Act.
Six bean plants are to be tested to see what happens if light is taken away. The all have the same type of container, the same amount of soil, and they will receive the same amount of water. Three will be placed in a sunlit window and 3 will be placed in a dark closet for 2 weeks.

34. Vocab Test Next Tuesday
Independent Variable- manipulated variable, is a factor that’s changed on purpose.
Dependent Variable- responding variable, is the factor that may change because of the changes made
Constants- All other factors are kept the same so that any observed changes in the experiment can be attributed to the independent variable
Control group- group serves as the comparison. “No treatment”
Experimental Group- group shows the effect of the variable that is being tested. “treatment”