1. EEE206 Introduction to Computer Packages
Review of Computer Systems
Computer Hardware

2. Housekeeping Lecturers Prof L.O. Kehinde (Coordinator)
Dr O.B. Akinwale
Mr T.O. Olowu
Mr O. Odeyomi
Mr E.I. Akinboboye

3. Housekeeping ../2 Olawale B. Akinwale Course Website
Office: PY G22, White House
Course Website

4. Housekeeping ../3 Lecture Schedule Tentative mid-semester Tests
Still working on it
Some part of this course will be flipped
Tentative mid-semester Tests
30th January 2017
27th February 2017
Tentative grading of the Course
Assignments (5 marks)
Quizzes (5 marks)
Group Work (5 marks)
Mid-semester Test (15 marks)
Exam (70 marks)

5. Course Components Review of Computer Systems Matlab and Simulink
Computer Hardware
Operating Systems
Application Software
Programming Languages
Matlab and Simulink
Spice and Proteus
LabVIEW
orCAD

6. Computers Computers are automatic, electronic machines that
accept data & instructions from a user (INPUT)
store the data & instructions (STORAGE)
manipulate the data according to the instructions (PROCESSING)
store &/or output the results to the user (OUTPUT)
A computer system is composed of hardware and software
Hardware components are the physical, tangible pieces that we can see and touch
Computer systems are not limited to the PCs and desktops, they also include your smart phones and microcontrollers

7. Software Program Data Example
a sequence of instructions to accomplish a result
a computer processes information under the direction of a program
Data
information to be processed by a program
Example
Data: for each student, the student’s registration number, examination taken and results obtained
Program: instructions on how to process the results to calculate CGPA, etc.

8. Hardware

9. Digital Computers
The computers that we use are digital, not analog computers
Analog technology
The signal is directly analogous to the information it represents
The signal is continuous and in direct proportion to the source of the information
In a thermometer, mercury rises in direct proportion to the temperature
In an amplifier or telephone, the electronic voltage signal varies in direct proportion to the frequency and amplitude of the sound waves it represents

10. Digital Technology Digital technology
The signal is discrete
The information is broken down into pieces, and each piece is represented separately
Analog information is measured many times per second (the sampling rate) and each measurement is represented as a number
How music is stored on a compact disc - the disc stores numbers representing specific voltage levels sampled at specific times
Can be used to digitize sound, video, graphics, etc.
Our computers work with digital technology, hence the term digital computers

11. Storage of Programs and Data
Sampling is only one way to digitize information
Since our computers work ONLY with numbers, everything (not just analog information such as sound and video) must be converted to numbers
Text (letters and special characters) gets converted to numbers (A = 65), using a standard coding convention called ASCII
Graphics (images), gets broken down into pieces (pixels) and each colour gets a number

12. Binary Numbers But how do we store numbers in a computer?
We could use the digits 0, 1, 2,….., 9 from the base 10 (decimal) numbering system that we are used to?
We would need a unique physical representation in the computer for each of the 10 digits, 0, 1, 2,……..,9

13. Binary Numbers
Devices that store and move information are cheaper and more reliable if they have to represent only two states
A circuit conducts current (1) or does not (0)
A position on a diskette is magnetized in one direction (1) or the opposite direction (0)
A position on a CD is pitted (1) or is not (0)
Once information is digitized, it is represented and stored in memory using the binary number system
A single binary digit (0 or 1) is called a bit
A single bit can represent two possible states, like a light bulb that is either on (1) or off (0)
Permutations of bits are used to store values. All information is represented as combinations of the two digits 0 and 1.

14. Binary Numbers 1 bit 1 2 bits 00 01 10 11 3 bits 000 001 010 011 1001
2 bits 00 01 10 11
3 bits
000
001
010
011
100
101
110
111
4 bits
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111
Each permutation can represent a particular item
1 bit = 2 choices, a 0 or a 1
8 bits = 1 byte = 256 different combinations of 0’s and 1’s
There are 2N permutations of N bits
Therefore, N bits are needed to represent 2N unique items

15. Binary Numbers So how do we convert decimal numbers to binary numbers?
i.e. if we enter the number 9 into the computer, how is it changed to 1001 for computer storage and processing?
Or when we want to display or output information from the computer, how do we convert binary numbers to decimal numbers?
See the slides titled Number Systems in the Additional Material at the end of this lecture

16. Hardware Units of measure
All done relative to a Byte (8 bits - 1 character)
KB = Kilobyte - 1 thousand bytes (1024) - 210
MB = Megabyte - 1 million bytes (1,048,576) - 220
GB = Gigabyte - 1 billion bytes - 230
TB = Terabyte - 1 trillion bytes - 240

17. A simplified view of a computer system
Central
Processing
Unit
Main
Memory
Floppy Disk
Hard Disk
Monitor
Keyboard

18. Hardware Devices Input Devices (Get information)
Keyboard
Mouse
Scanner
Output Devices (Give information)
Screen/monitor
Printer

19. Hardware Devices Processing Device (Arithmetic/logic/repetition)
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
286, 386, 486, Pentium, K5, K6
Has three basic parts
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
executes all the arithmetic and logic instructions
Control Unit
decodes instructions and determines which is next to be executed
Buses/Registers
Buses are paths for information entering/exiting the CPU
Registers are memory for processing information

20. The Central Processing Unit
The CPU continuously follows the fetch-decode- execute cycle:
fetch
Retrieve an instruction from main memory
decode
Determine what the
instruction is
execute
Carry out the
instruction

21. Hardware Devices Storage Primary Storage (main memory) Two types
Primary and secondary
Primary Storage (main memory)
On board memory (located on the motherboard)
Very fast, but expensive
RAM – Random Access Memory
ROM – Read Only Memory

22. Hardware Devices RAM - Random Access Memory ROM - Read Only Memory
Read/write capability
Contents lost when computer is turned off (volatile)
A program must be in RAM for it to execute
128 to 256MB for a typical desktop computer
ROM - Read Only Memory
Read but not write capability
Permanent (non volatile)
Stores the preliminary instructions to be executed when the computer is turned on, for example
To check RAM
To check communications with peripheral devices
Bootstrap loader program

23. Hardware Devices
Address
9278
9279
9280
9281
9282
9283
9284
9285
9286
Large values are
stored in consecutive
memory locations
Each memory cell stores a set number of bits (usually 8 bits, or one byte)
Content
Main memory is divided into many memory locations (or cells)
Each memory cell has a numeric address, which uniquely identifies it

24. Hardware Devices Secondary Storage (secondary memory)
External devices (not on the motherboard); either inside or outside the computer
Store programs and data permanently
Slower, but cheaper
RAM - nanoseconds, Drive - milliseconds
Different sizes/styles
Floppy Disk - 1.4MB (portable)
Zip Drive MB (portable)
CD - 650MB (portable)
Jaz Drive – 1-2GB (portable) discontinued
Hard Disk Drive >=20GB (not portable)
Tape - 50GB (portable, very slow)
Flash drives (portable)

25. Hardware Devices Other devices Port Modem (internal or external)
For connecting peripheral devices
USB, Parallel and serial ports
Modem (internal or external)
For communicating over telephone lines

26. Computer parts

27. Hardware
There are many parts that work together to make a computer work.
Physical parts of the computer, including processor and memory chips, input/output devices, tapes, disks, modems, cable, etc.

28. Motherboard Motherboard Main Board System Board
Acer E360 Socket 939 motherboard

29. CPU The Central Processing Unit
Processor: The chip or chips that interpret and execute program instructions and manage the functions of input, output, and storage devices.

30. The Computer Case
Contains the major components of the computer. It helps protect them.

31. Monitor
A display screen to provide “output” to the user. It is where you view the information your are working on.

32. Video Card
Connects the computer to the monitor. It is a circuit board attached to the motherboard that contains the memory and other circuitry necessary to send information to the monitor for display on screen.

33. Keyboard & Mouse
Keyboard: Used to enter information into the computer and for giving commands.
Mouse: An input device operated by rolling its ball across a flat surface. The mouse is used to control the on-screen pointer by pointing and clicking, double-clicking, or dragging objects on the screen.

34. Touchpad
A pressure-sensitive and motion sensitive device used in place of a mouse.

35. Disk Drives Hard Disk Drive: Magnetic storage device in the computer.
Floppy Disk Drive: A device that holds a removable floppy disk when in use; read/write heads read and write data to the diskette.

36. CD Rom Compact Disk – A type of optical storage device.
CD Rom Drive: The drive that plays CDs and reads data that has been stored on the CD.

37. RAM Random Access Memory
RAM is a computer’s temporary memory, which exists as chips on the motherboard near the CPU. It stores data or programs while they are being used and requires power.

38. Printer
An output device that produces a hard copy on paper. It gives information to the user in printed form.

39. Scanning Devices
Scanner: A device that allows pictures to be placed into a computer.
Barcode Reader: An input device that converts a pattern of printed bars into a number that a computer can read. They are often used by businesses to quickly input price and product information.

40. Sound Devices
Microphone: Allows the user to record sounds as input to their computer.
Sound Card: Connects the speakers and microphone to the computer.
Speakers: Used to generate or reproduce voice, music, and other sounds.

41. Network Card
A circuit board that connects the computer to the rest of the network usually using special cables.

42. Networks The Internet - largest of all networks.
Communication standards called protocols allow for global exchange of information.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
Internet Protocol (IP)
Intranets are LANs or WANs that use these communication standards or TCP/IP.
Special hardware (modem) and software (browser) are required.

43. End of class