1. American
Imperialism
Imperialism: the policy in which stronger nations extend their
economic, political, or military control over weaker territories
The three primary motives are economic, social,
and political/military

2. Short Answer
Read, “March of the Flag”

3. Homework Read Chapter 18, section 1: Take notes and define key terms
Complete the world map worksheet

4. America
Becomes
a Colonial
Power

5. President George Washington's Farwell Address guided American foreign policy for over 100 years: “… steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world.”
While some believed this policy meant the U.S. should be isolationist others pointed out Washington supported trade with other countries and was not calling for complete isolation in the world.
In 1890, the nation had expanded from sea to shining sea and the government issued a report announcing the end of the frontier. To many Americans this lack of a frontier was alarming and they began to look beyond America’s boarders (expansionism) for a new frontier with the goal of expanding trade and to compete for political influence.

6. Alaska

7. “Seward’s Folly”: 1867
$7.2 million

8. “Seward’s Icebox”: 1867

9. Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan
He called for improving and enlarging the navy.
He argued that sea power would protect shipping and provide access to world markets
To maintain a powerful navy the U.S. would need overseas colonies where ships could be supplied and refueled.
By the early 1900’s the U.S. had the naval power it needed to back up an expanded role in world affairs.

10. Essential Question:
Why did America
join the imperialist
club at the end
of the 19c?

11. 5. Closing the American Frontier

12. 1. Commercial/Business Interests U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908

13. 1. Commercial/Business Interests American Foreign Trade: 1870-1914

14. 2. Military/Strategic Interests
Alfred T. Mahan  The Influence of Sea Power on History:

15. Hawaii:
"Crossroads
of the
Pacific"

16. U. S. Missionaries in Hawaii
Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s

17. U. S. View of Hawaiians
Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in by virtue of economic treaties.

18. Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

19. U. S. Business Interests In Hawaii
1875 – Reciprocity Treaty
1890 – McKinley Tariff
1893 – American businessmen backed an uprising against Queen Liliuokalani.
Sanford Ballard Dole proclaims the Republic of Hawaii in 1894.

20. To The Victor Belongs the Spoils
Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

21. American Exceptionalism
1. The condition of being exceptional or unique.
2. The theory or belief that something, especially a nation, does not conform to a pattern or norm.
Read “Belief in Anglo-Saxon Superiority and explain how this connects to the previous concepts of Social Darwinism, Manifest Destiny and A City Upon a Hill.

22. 3. Social Darwinist Thinking
The White Man’s Burden
The Hierarchy of Race

24. White Man’s Burden
Individually reread your copy of Rudyard Kipling’s poem White Man’s Burden
Answer the questions at the bottom of the page

25. Interpreting Political Cartoons
You will work in a group to come up with a well-thought out interpretation of a political cartoon Later you will share your findings with the class. Be thorough and take notes. One of these cartoons will be on your next test

26. 4. Religious/Missionary Interests American Missionaries in China, 1905

27. Interpreting Political Cartoons
What is the source and the date of the cartoon?
What do you see in the cartoon?
What symbols are used?
What is the author’s message?
Does this cartoon represent a isolationist or expansionist viewpoint?
Write a “5” point response to your political cartoon

28. Cuba

29. The Cuban Rebellion
Cubans longed for their colonial ruler Spain to leave
Spain smashed and defeated a Cuban rebellion forcing Jose Marti to flee to the U.S. to gather money, arms, and troops
In 1895, Marti returned to Cuba and led a revolt
Many people including Marti died. The rebels burned sugarcane fields hoping to get the Spaniards to leave
The Spaniards retaliated by herding Cubans into reconcentration camps to separate them from the rebels
Thousands died in the camps from starvation and disease
The Cuban struggle got the attention of U.S. businessmen who wanted to protect their investments and trade with the island
Others were afraid of rebellion so close to the U.S.
President Grover Cleveland opposed U.S. intervention
When William McKinley became President he too looked to keep the U.S. out of the war

30. Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy

31. Spanish Misrule in Cuba

32. De Lôme Letter Dupuy de Lôme, Spanish Ambassador to the U.S.
Criticized President McKinley as weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd, besides being a would-be politician who tries to leave a door open behind himself while keeping on good terms with the jingoes of his party.

33. Explosion of the U.S.S. Maine, Havana Harbor, February 15, 1898

34. Handout Read document A and answer the first three guiding questions
Work with the person next to you to complete the “A” Journal part of the graphic org
Read document B and answer the second three guiding questions
Work with the person next to you to complete the “B” Times part of the graphic organizer

35. “Yellow Journalism” & Jingoism William Randolph Hearst
Joseph Pulitzer
Hearst to Frederick Remington: You furnish the pictures, and I’ll furnish the war!
William Randolph Hearst

36. Yellow Journalism
1898, newspapers provided the major source of news in America. At this time, it was common practice for a newspaper to report the editor's interpretation of the news rather than objective journalism. If the information reported was inaccurate or biased, the American public had little means for verification. With this sort of influence, the newspapers wielded much political power. In order to increase circulation, the publishers of these papers often exploited their position by sponsoring a flamboyant and irresponsible approach to news reporting that became known as "yellow journalism." The term was used to describe the journalistic practices of Joseph Pulitzer & William Randolph Hearst. Of the two men today, it is Hearst’s name that is synonymous with "yellow journalism. The two men used the practice to help stir the American public to a call for war with Spain

37. Awake United States! Eagle soar on high, and sound the battle cry!
This song was rushed into print between the sinking of the Maine on February 16, 1898 and the declaration of war on April 25, 1898.
Eagle soar on high, and sound the battle cry!
How proudly sailed the warship Maine,
a Nation’s pride, without a stain!
A wreck she lies, her sailors slain.
By two-faced butchers, paid by Spain!
Eagle soar on high,
And sound the battle cry
Wave the starry flag!
In mud it shall not drag!

38. Remember The Maine
After rioting broke out in the Cuban Capital of Havana President McKinley sent the battleship Maine to protect American citizens and property
After three weeks the ship exploded and sunk in Havana Harbor killing about 260 officers and crew
American Newspapers blamed the Spanish and the slogan “Remember The Maine” became a rallying cry for revenge and war against Spain
When negotiations failed to easy American concerns Congress recognized Cuban independence
On April 25, 1898 Congress declared war on Spain

39. Remember the Maine and to Hell with Spain!
Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

40. The Spanish-American War

41. Theodore Roosevelt
Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the McKinley administration.
Imperialist and American nationalist.
Criticized President McKinley as having the backbone of a chocolate éclair!
Resigns his position to fight in Cuba.

42. Teddy Roosevelt
If we seek merely swollen, slothful ease and ignoble peace, if we shrink from the hard contests where men must win at the hazard of their lives and at the risk of all they hold dear, then bolder and stronger peoples will pass us by, and will win for themselves the domination of the world. The Strenuous Life: Essays and Addresses [1900]. The Strenuous Life

43. The Rough Riders

44. Fighting in Cuba
The Spanish fleet entered the harbor of Santiago in Cuba on May 19
An American naval force trapped the Spanish in the harbor and blockaded the coast
An American land force of 17,000, one quarter of which was African American landed near the city
Much of the U.S. force was ill-equipped yet, they joined forces with the Cuban rebels and engaged the Spanish
Teddy Roosevelt had resigned his position as Secretary of the Navy to join the fighting in Cuba. He led the 1st. Regiment of U.S. Cavalry Volunteers known as the Rough Riders
On July 1, the Rough Riders along with African American soldiers of the Ninth and Tenth Cavalries, joined in the Battle of San Juan Hill
The Americans captured San Juan Hill after intense fighting.
This led to a Spanish attempt at retreat by breaking out of the blockade of Santiago, after a four hour battle the Spanish fleet was destroyed. This ended Spanish resistance in Cuba

45. The Spanish-American War (1898): “That Splendid Little War”
How prepared was the US for war?

47. “A Splendid Little War”
Secretary of State John Hay called the Spanish American War “a splendid little war”
The war lasted four months and 400 Americans died.
More than 2000 additional died from tropical diseases like yellow fever and malaria
African Americans faced discrimination and segregation in the military battling alongside the Cuban rebel army where black and white troops fought as equals

48. American Acquisitions
The U.S. and Spain signed The Treaty of Paris Dec. 10, 1898 marking an end to the war
Cuba became a U.S. protectorate (an independent country under control of another country)
Puerto Rico and Guam became territories of the U.S.
Spain also surrendered the Philippines to the U.S. for $20 million
In 1901, the U.S. granted Cuba independence but only if their new constitution included concessions to the U.S. known as the Platt Amendment
The amendment prohibited Cuba from making treaties with other nations and gave America control of the U.S. naval base at Guantanamo Bay. The U.S. could also interfere in Cuban affairs if the countries independence was threatened

49. Map of The Pacific

50. Quiz

51. Quiz
On a separate sheet of paper Identify the following terms: (include as much information as you can)
Queen Liliuokalani
Imperialism
Alfred T. Mahan
Sanford B. Dole
Yellow Journalism
U.S.S. Maine
Rough Riders

52. The
Philippines

53. The Spanish American War in the Pacific
Although events in Cuba started the War the first military action was seen in the Spanish colony of the Philippines
The islands served as a Pacific base for the Spanish fleet
On May 1, Commodore George Dewey launched a surprise attack on the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay destroying most of the ships
American troops arrived in July and helped Filipino rebels led by Emilio Aquinaldo
The American forces seized the capital Manila and the island of Luzon
The rebels declared independence and looked to the U.S. for support
The U.S. debated what to do with the islands and did not support the rebels
The U.S. gained possession of the Philippines after the war which, led to anti-imperialist debates at home and a new rebellion in the Philippines against the new American colonial rulers
Over 4000 Americans died in the fighting while the Filipinos suffered at least 200,000 soldiers and civilians killed
When Aguinaldo was captured much of the fighting ended.
In 1901 William Howard Taft transferred authority to the Filipinos who gained full independence in 1946

54. The Spanish-American War (1898): “That Splendid Little War”

55. Dewey Captures Manila!

56. Emilio Aguinaldo July 4, 1946: Philippine independence
Leader of the Filipino Uprising.
July 4, 1946: Philippine independence

57. William H. Taft, 1st Gov.-General of the Philippines
Great administrator.

59. Our “Sphere of Influence”

60. The Treaty of Paris: 1898 Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.
Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island of Guam.
The U. S. paid Spain $20 mil. for the Philippines.
The U. S. becomes an imperial power!

61. The American Anti-Imperialist League
Founded in 1899.
Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, William James, and William Jennings Bryan among the leaders.
Campaigned against the annexation of the Philippines and other acts of imperialism.

62. Cuban Independence? Teller Amendment (1898) Platt Amendment (1903)
Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its independence.
The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt.
Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for naval and coaling station.
Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.
Senator Orville Platt

63. DILEMMA--Did
U. S. citizenship
follow the flag??

64. Puerto
Rico

65. Puerto Rico: 1898 1900 - Foraker Act. 1901-1903  the Insular Cases.
PR became an “unincorporated territory.”
Citizens of PR, not of the US.
Import duties on PR goods
 the Insular Cases.
Constitutional rights were not automatically extended to territorial possessions.
Congress had the power to decide these rights.
Import duties laid down by the Foraker Act were legal!

66. Puerto Rico: 1898 1917 – Jones Act.
Gave full territorial status to PR.
Removed tariff duties on PR goods coming into the US.
PRs elected their own legislators & governor to enforce local laws.
PRs could NOT vote in US presidential elections.
A resident commissioner was sent to Washington to vote for PR in the House.

67. China

68. Stereotypes of the Chinese Immigrant
Oriental [Chinese] Exclusion Act, 1887

69. The Boxer Rebellion: 1900 The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.
“55 Days at Peking.”

70. The Boxer Rebellion

71. - Mark Twain; Berkeley Lyceum, New York, November 23, 1900
China never wanted foreigners any more than foreigners wanted Chinamen, and on this question I am with the Boxers every time. The Boxer is a patriot. He loves his country better than he does the countries of other people. I wish him success. The Boxer believes in driving us out of his country. I am a Boxer too, for I believe in driving him out of our country.

72. The Boxer Rebellion
Many died during the revolt and for two months hundreds of foreigners were trapped in the capital city of Beijing
In August of 1900, foreign troops broke the siege and defeated the Boxers.
After the rebellion a second Open Door proposal stressed the importance of keeping China independent and respecting its boarders
Alarmed by the rebellion the other foreign powers accepted Hay’s proposal
Trying to expand its own power in Asia, Japan began to ignore the Open Door policy. These actions led to war with Russia and conflict with the U.S. and eventually it culminated in the Russo-Japanese War. But by 1905 both nations were worn down and looking for peace
Teddy Roosevelt helped settle the conflict by negotiating the Treaty of Portsmouth which recognized Japans control of Korea in return for ending its continued push to expand.

74. The Open Door Policy Secretary John Hay.
Give all nations equal access to trade in China.
Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign power.

75. The Open Door Policy

76. America as a Pacific Power