1. Size comparison: Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
See picture of Eukaryotic/Prokaryotic size difference in Table 4.2 p. 101 Principal Differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Table 4.2

2. Arrangements Pairs: Diplococci, diplobacilli Clusters: Staphylococci
Chains: Streptococci, streptobacilli
Figures 4.1a, 4.1d, 4.2b, 4.2c

3. Basic Shapes Bacillus (rod-shaped) Coccus (spherical) Spiral Spirillum
Vibrio
Spirochete
Figures 4.1a, 4.2a, 4.2d, 4.4a, 4.4b, 4.4c

4. The Structure of a Prokaryotic Cell
Fig. 4.6 p. 79
Foundation Figure The Structure of a Prokaryotic Cell
Figure 4.6

5. Axial Filaments Also called endoflagella or periplasmic flagella
In spirochetes only
The spirochetes are a … unique group of bacteria. This phylum contains not only many medically important species such as Treponema pallidum and Borrelia burgdorferi but others live inside arthropods such as termites and some that are free-living and reside in soil and water.
Individual AF can be anchored at one end or the other of a cell. Rotation causes the cell to move.
Figure 4.10a

6. Fimbriae and Pili: Made of a different protein (pilin) than flagella and are shorter, thinner, straighter.
Fimbriae allow attachment: Important for some diseases (gonorrhea and E.coli 0157:H7) and biofilms.
Fig b p. 84
Fimbriae. The fimbriae seem to bristle from this E. coli cell, which is beginning to divide.
Figure 4.11

7. Pili: Some are used for movement and others for transfer of DNA
Yikes! Resistance!
Fig p. 237 Bacterial conjugation.

8. Peptidoglycan Linked by polypeptides
Fig a p Bacterial cell walls
Small arrows are where penicillin interferes with linking of peptidoglycan rows by peptide cross bridges.
Figure 4.13a

9. Gram Positive Cell Wall
Many layers of peptidoglycan
Fig b p. 85 Bacterial cell walls. A gram-positive cell wall.

10. Impetigo and Necrotizing fasciitis flesh-eating disease)
Fig Lesions of Impetigo p. 593 – caused by Staph aureus
Fig Necrotizing fasciitis due to group A streptococci p.595

11. Gram-Negative Cell Wall
Fig c p Gram-negative cell wall details
Figure 4.13c

12. The Plasma Membrane Fig. 4.14 p. 90 -as viscous as olive oil
Phospholipid bilayer
Peripheral proteins
Integral proteins
Transmembrane proteins
Fig Plasma membrane p. 89
Figure 4.14b

13. The Principle of Osmosis Fig. 4. 18 p
The Principle of Osmosis Fig p. 93 The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower water concentration
Fig The principle of osmosis
Figure 4.18c–e

14. The Prokaryotic Ribosome
Protein synthesis
70S
50S + 30S subunits
Figure 4.19

15. Sporulation and Germination
Fig Formation of endospores by sporulation p. 96
Figure 4.21a

16. The Eukaryotic Cell
Fig Eukaryotic cells showing typical structures p. 98
Figure 4.22a

17. Endosymbiotic Theory
Fig p. 275 A model of the origin of some eukaryotic organelle
Figure 10.2

18. Q&A
Penicillin was called a “miracle drug” because it doesn’t harm human cells. Why doesn’t it?