1. Period 3: 1800-1848 | Amsco Chapter 7 Overview
The Age of Jefferson
Period 3: | Amsco Chapter 7 Overview

2. Jefferson’s Presidency
The “Revolution” of 1800: “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists”
Jefferson attempted to win support of both parties
Continued neutrality politics of Washington/Adams while limiting government power and the size of the military (D-R); lowered national debt
Jefferson’s first 4 years would see limited political turmoil (unlike Adams)
The Louisiana Purchase
Napoleon, who occupied Spain, forced Spain to give France the LP to rebuild the French colonial empire
After the successful Haitian revolt by Toussaint l’Ouverture, he abandoned these plans
Decides to liquidate colonial assets to focus on Great Britain
Pinckney Treaty 1795 allowed American use of New Orleans port
Jefferson wanted more access to Mississippi for settlers in Ohio River Valley
TJ sent negotiator to France: either buy New Orleans for $10 million, or go to Brits for alliance
Napoleon, eager for cash to fight his wars, sold all of Louisiana for $15 million
Jefferson, who was a strict interpreter of the Constitution, was troubled
Nowhere in the Constitution does the President have the power to purchase foreign land: an issue of implied powers
Federalists in Congress were upset, but accepted the purchase for the greater good
Doubled the size of the United States and removed European threats
Lewis and Clark sent to explore the new territory; would make it all the way to the Pacific 1804

3. John Marshall and the Supreme Court
Most of the federal judges during TJ’s presidency were appointed by Federalists
They would challenge D-Rs in ways that would define the relationship of the three branches
John Marshall was appointed Chief Justice by John Adams: served 34 years
Would preside over a series of landmark cases that favored central government power over states’ rights
Marbury v. Madison 1803: Marshall ruled that Congress passed a law that gave the Judicial branch more power than the Constitution allowed, thus ruling it unconstitutional
With this, Marshall established judicial review, where the SC could declare Congressional laws unconstitutional
TJ would remove some Federalist measures such as Alien and Sedition Acts
He released prisoners of the former administration
1804: TJ is reelected with a massive majority
Aaron Burr (TJ’s former VP) embarked on a series of retaliatory endeavors, threatening the Union and ultimately killing Alexander Hamilton
Federalist Conspiracy 1804: Burr planned to unify New England Federalist states and secede from the Union – those states supported Alexander Hamilton
After he lost the election for New York to AH: he would challenge him to a duel, killing him
He then sought to take Mexico from Spain and unify the Louisiana territories: arrested for treason
Acquitted by TJ’s opponent, John Marshall

4. Difficulties Abroad
The Barbary Pirates (Washington and Adams’ Treaty of Tripoli)
The pirates demanded more tribute from TJ, who rejected
The US Navy would not win any decisive victory, but would gain respect ( )
The Napoleonic Wars
US policy of Neutrality was challenging
British impressment of US ships; French seizure of US ships
1807 a British ship fired on a US warship near Chesapeake, killing some sailors
TJ handled the issue diplomatically with economic pressure
The Embargo Act 1807 as an alternative to war (closed all US ports to trade)
The US was GB’s largest trading partner : meant to hurt GB – backfired and hurt US more than GB, who just shifted markets – TJ would repeal before he left office
Madison’s Presidency 1808 (D-R)
The Napoleonic Wars would define Madison’s Presidency
Nonintercourse Act of 1809: replaced Embargo Act – trade OK except GB/Fr
By 1810, this would be supplanted by limited trade: GB/Fr would continue to violate

5. Day 2
Chapter 7

6. The War of 1812
The US continued pushing for trade neutrality: caught in the intensity of the Napoleonic Wars
Natives along the frontier were being supplied (small scale) by Britain
Tecumseh (the Prophet) sought to unify natives east of the Mississippi
General William Henry Harrison (Indiana): Battle of Tippecanoe 1811
Young, new congressional members from the border states began to resent Britain
The War Hawks in Congress began pressuring Madison for war (John C. Calhoun, SC)
Madison would be pushed to war (ironically, GB had agreed to suspend blockade)
Neither Congress, nor the American people would be unified in support of war
Madison would win 1812 reelection but opposition to war grew
Strategy for war: invade Canada and hope Napoleon wins (naval defeat imminent)
The invasion of Canada was a disaster (American army poorly equipped)
Some naval victories due to culture of ship building (Old Ironsides)
America did succeed in crushing native allies
By 1814, Napoleon was defeated and GB sent regular troops to America
Washington DC was captured and burned; Siege of Baltimore held “Star-Spangled B”
Andrew Jackson’s victory at New Orleans 1815 was moot (war had ended)

7. The Treaty of Ghent
1814, the British were weary of war (war with France since 1793)
Likewise, Madison knew the Americans could not obtain victory
Sent peace commissioners to neutral Belgium to negotiate end of war
The terms were status quo and America dropped all pre-war grievances and Britain gave no concessions
America’s internal dispute over the war was dramatic
New England was threatening secession prior to the war’s end (Hartford Convention)
To Madison, the war achieved none of its desired aims
However, it had an important legacy
Having survived two wars with GB, the USA gained some global respect
Canada was acknowledged as British
Federalist popularity declined after secession talks (un-patriotic)
The South would use this rhetoric in the future
Abandoned by the British, the natives were isolated against America
The blockade allowed for American industry to develop
War heroes (Andrew Jackson, William Henry Harrison) became political popular
American nationalism grew as their future seemed to be in the West, not Europe