1. Ideologies of the Early 19th Century
Conservativism:
The prevailing ideology at the Congress of Vienna
Wanted to re-establish the social and political structure of Europe before the French Revolution
Often appealed to rural peasants as well as the aristocracy
Favored an established, official religion - -
-Catholic in Austria and Southern Europe
-Protestant in Northern Europe
-Orthodoxy in Eastern Europe
Believed that liberal ideas such as natural rights and popular sovereignty led to chaos and disorder
Sought to suppress revolutionary ideas

2. Liberalism:
Usually the educated middle class (bourgeoisie) favored liberal ideas
Wanted limited government, separation of government powers, natural rights, and elected leaders
Believed the right to vote should be limited to male land-owners
Supported laissez-faire economics

3. Nationalism:
As European powers sought to expand territory and power, they continuously redrew political boundaries, causing an increase in nationalist sentiments
National groups share a common history, ethnicity, language, and religion
Nationalism often fostered intolerance, persecution, and violence
The earliest nationalist uprisings occurred in the Ottoman Balkans and parts of Austria’s empire

4. Nationalism was the driving force behind both German and Italian unification movements in the 19th century.

5. “To retain respect for sausages and laws, one must not watch them in the making.” -Otto von Bismarck
“People never lie so much as after a hunt, during a war or before an election.”
- Otto von Bismarck
“Universal suffrage is the government of a house by its nursery.”

6. Franco-Prussian War, 1870
September A shattered Emperor Napoleon III (France) surrendered his sword to William, King of Prussia (later proclaimed Kaiser of German Empire a year later at Versailles), after 44 days of warfare that devastated France and confirmed newly-united Germany as the most powerful nation in continental Europe.

8. Announcements Today is the last day to sign up for the AP Exam!
Time-Outs due tomorrow 
Chapter test: Friday!
40 questions—not 50
Interested in getting YES hours for grading? Grade World Geo map quizzes on Thursday after school! (see Ms. Drake after class for more details)
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9. The Making of Industrial Society
Chapter 29
The Making of Industrial Society

10. Industrial Revolution in a nutshell
Technological and organizational changes that transformed manufacturing and led to increased productivity
Major changes
Shift from doing work by hand to doing work by machine
Dependence of coal and petroleum for energy
Led to increased population, development of new ideas (socialism & communism—labor/economic-based)
Led to the creation of a middle class, shift of women’s role
New divisions of labor (due to inventions—assembly belt & interchangeable parts), development of large businesses
By 19th century, the factory was the dominant site of industrial production in Europe, the USA & Japan
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12. Early leader: Great Britain (why?)
High agricultural productivity  population growth  occupation specialization
People could choose to work on tasks, not cultivation
Physical geography also helped
Location near Atlantic Ocean, navigable rivers (Thames!), canals helped facilitate trade
Good climate  cities established (centers of banking)
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13. Early leader: Great Britain (why?)
Relationship between Europe & Americas = ecological relief
Major crops, etc. were being grown on colonies which expanded land base. Also allowed exploitation of natural resources from Americas
Major reason: COAL DEPOSITS!
Previous use of wood led to wood shortages
Large coal deposits in easy reach of water transport, centers of commerce, pools of labor

14. Mechanization of the Cotton Industry
Consumer demand of cotton goes up after Calico Acts ban imports of cotton (esp. India—competition)
Higher demand for cotton in Britain  need for faster production through new inventions
Flying shuttle (1733), John Kay—sped up weaving output; stimulated demand for thread
The “mule” (1779), Samuel Crompton—steam-powered machine could produce 100 times more thread than a manual wheel
Power loom (1785), Edmund Cartwright—water-driven machine, replaced hand weavers by 1820.
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15. A large flying shuttle loom
Below: the Mule
A large flying shuttle loom
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16. Other Developments during Industrial Rev.
James Watt: general-purpose steam engine (1765)
Most crucial technological development—steam drove mechanical devices that performed work
Use of coke (purified coal) as a fuel to produce iron
Cheaper than charcoal
Allowed iron & steel production to grow (more lots of iron)
 increased iron production
George Stephenson: first steam-powered locomotive (provides power for trains )
Led to development of other modes of mass transportation  creation of dense transportation networks, encouraged industrialization

17. The Factory System
Early modern Europe had adopted “putting-out” system as system of capitalism emerged
Individuals worked at home; employers avoided wage restrictions of medieval guilds
Rising prices caused factories to replace both guilds and putting-out system
Rising demand for textiles, growing use of water & wind power  factories
Machines too large, expensive for home use
Large buildings could house specialized laborers
Urbanization guaranteed supply of cheap labor
Factories required new process where each worker performed a single task
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18. Working Conditions and Industrial Protest
New changes
Improved working conditions possible; increases in production
Emergence of owner class whose money financed expensive equipment  workers as wage earners, becoming dependent on these owners
Demand for broad-range skills to need for specialization
Dramatic shift from rural work rhythms
Six days a week, fourteen hours a day—very monotonous work
Constant & immediate supervision punishments
Constant threat of accidents due to lack of safety

19. Working Conditions and Industrial Protest
Violent protests broke out as a result of new working conditions
“Luddite” protest against machines, 1811–1816
Masked Luddites destroyed machinery they blamed for low wages & unemployment
Avoided violence against people, so were pretty popular
Government response: hanging of 14 Luddites (1813)
Message that machines were there to stay; movement eventually died out
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20. The Early Spread of Industrialization
Industrial Revolution only took place in Great Britain for the first 50 years of the 1800s
By mid-nineteenth century, industrialization had spread to France, Germany, Belgium, U.S.
French revolution and Napoleonic wars set stage
Internal trade barriers abolished
Dismantling of guilds that discouraged innovation and restricted movement of labor
First continental country: Belgium (coal, iron, textiles, glass), then France (UK  Belgium  France)
German industrialization proceeded more slowly due to conflict between Germanic states
But after 1871 (German unification), Chancellor Otto von Bismarck sponsored rapid industrialization
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21. Industrial Europe ca. 1850
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22. Industrialization in North America
USA: abundant land and resources, but few laborers & little money to invest
 labor and investment came from England as people travelled across Atlantic & bankers were interested in a new investment
Began in 1820s in New England with cotton textile industry
Cotton transported from southern states
1870s, heavy iron and steel industries emerged in Pennsylvania & Alabama
Abundant supplies of coal & iron ore
By 1900, United States an economic powerhouse, industrialization spilling over into Canada
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23. #TeamUSA
USA had abundant natural resources, but they also hindered travel & communication
State governments built canals to facilitate transportation
Steamship lines & railroads were established by private investors
By 1860: railways linked industrial north, agricultural south & Midwestern cities
Provided cheap transportation
Stimulated coal, iron & steel industries
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25. Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved
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26. Mass Production
Throughout 19th century in USA: evolving factory system
Cotton industry  diversifying to other industries
Eli Whitney (United States, 1765–1825)
Invention of cotton gin (1793)
Also technique of using machine tools to make interchangeable parts for firearms—workers made only a part that fit every musket of the same model—eventually used for manufacturing clocks, uniforms, shoes
Could use unskilled workers, not just ones that knew how to put together a whole musket, other items.

27. Mass Production
Mass production rapidly became hallmark of industrial societies
Henry Ford, 1913: introduced assembly line for automobile production
Conveyor system—each worker formed a specialized a fixed point in assembly line.
Made production a LOT faster
New production methods  Ford Motor Co. produces half of world’s autos in early 20th century
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29. Big Business
Industrialization also spurred the development of capitalist business organization
Businesses encouraged to organize in large scale
Large factories required start-up capital; joint-stock companies organized
Governments in Britain and France laid legal foundation for corporations
By late 19th century: corporations controlled most businesses
Required large investments in land, labor, or machinery for businesses
Investment banks, brokerage firms grew to meet needs of organizations
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30. Monopolies, Trusts, and Cartels
Large corporations formed trusts & cartels to drive out competition, outperform competitors
John D. Rockefeller controlled almost all oil drilling, processing, refining, marketing in U.S.
Standard Oil Company and Trust were able to cut costs, undersell competitors through this business practice (“vertical organization”—domination of every facet of an industry)
German firm IG Farben controlled as much as 90% of chemical production
Merger of chemical & pharmaceutical manufacturers
Monopolies continued through 20th century, even with some government attempt to break these up
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31. Social Change: Industrial Revolution
Massive migration
Urbanization
Europe  Americas (less populated = new opportunities, more jobs)
Emergence of new social classes
Middle class & working class formed
New patterns of family & work life to adjust to
New ideologies (socialism) developed as a way to “reform” these changes
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32. Industrial Demographics
Industrialization raised standards of living
Production  lower costs of clothing, etc.  variety of clothing
New tools  increased agricultural production
Locomotives/trains transported goods easier & cheaper  food cheaper
Population also grew rapidly due to industrialization
Doubled in Europe; 13 million to 145 million by 1900 in North & South America
Medical advances, infant mortality also declined with medical advancements –death rates declined, population growth!
Smallpox vaccine developed
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33. Population Growth (millions)
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34. The Demographic Transition
Industrializing lands experienced marked decline in both fertility and mortality
At first, mortality fell faster than fertility
Decline in birthrate  slower population growth, stability due to voluntary contraception
Population trend continued in Europe, the United States & Japan
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35. Birth Control
Prior to Industrial Revolution: deliberate ways of preventing/reducing changes of pregnancy
Abstinence—not effective or really realistic
Preventative “birth control” methods carried health risks to women
Other forms of “birth control” were ineffective & unreliable
Higher rates of abortion or infanticide because none of these were effective
Condoms = first birth control method, also prevented sexually transmitted diseases
Families now able to choose to have fewer children
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37. The Urban Environment
Worldwide shift in internal migration—urbanization proceeded dramatically as people searched for work
Led by Industrial Britain (20% in cities:1800  75%: 1900)
Pattern repeated in rest of industrialized world
Rapid growth  water & air pollution
Widespread burning of fossil fuels
Occupational diseases common, tuberculosis & dysentery common illnesses among everyone—unsanitary conditions
Income ultimately determined degree of comfort & security one experienced
Wealthy generally lived in elegant homes in the suburbs
Working poor lived in quickly-constructed, shoddy, crowded dwellings close to factories (Liverpool & Manchester)
Later in 19th century: government authorities tended to issues  city life safer, improved sanitation
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39. Transcontinental Migration
19th & 20th centuries: rapid population growth in Europe encouraged mass migration to America
50 million Europeans migrated  rapid growth of America
caused rapid urbanization, especially on E. coast
Many Europeans came w/intentions to go back, but the majority remained in America
Other reasons for migration
British: escape dangerous factories, cities in squalor
Irish: 1840s potato famine
Jewish Russians: escape anti-Semitic policies by tsar
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40. New Social Classes
Dramatic changes in social classes as well with industrialization
Economic factors resulted in decline of slavery
New wealth among capitalists allowed them to become new elite (no more aristocracy)
Emergence of a middle class
Mostly made of professionals (teachers, physicians, lawyers)
Working class also emerged
Masses of laborers who generally worked in factories
Shift of family from working in groups to separate lives; sharp distinction between work & family life
Urban environment also created new types of diversions
Sporting events, gambling, drinking, staged animal fights
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41. Women at Home and Work
Agriculture and domestic manufacturing had easily accommodated women
Married/Middle-class women: shift from working to staying at home
Encouraged to raise children, manage the home, and preserve traditional family values
Working-class women were expected to work until marriage & beyond
Most went into domestic service for middle-class families
Labor-saving devices replaced women’s industrial jobs
Spinning jenny—replaced 10 workers for every one person employed
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42. Child Labor
Children in preindustrial societies worked in & around family home; industrial work took them away from home
Easy to exploit, worked for long hours with few breaks
Some beaten to keep them awake
NEEDED to work due to poverty—needed to survive
British parliament began passing laws against child labor: 1840s
Eventually, children removed from working world completely
More governments began passing child labor laws, making education compulsory (and a priority)
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44. The Socialist Challenge
Socialists: among most vocal & influential critics of industrial society
Disagreed with economic inequalities (wealth gap)
Denounced system that permitted exploitation of women & children
Wanted to expand Enlightenment understanding of equality (political, legal, social)
Very different views on how to achieve socialist society among socialists themselves
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45. Utopian Socialists
Worked to establish ideal communities that would lead to an equal society
Charles Fourier, Robert Owen—leaders of utopian thought
Fourier: against competition of market economy, planned model communities held together by love & work done in accordance with temperment & desire
Owen: industrialized New Lanark, Scotland—reduced workday, focus on children’s education
Experimented with this in Romania, USA but economic & political problems caused fading out
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46. Karl Marx & Fredrich Engels
Both socialist thinkers believed social problems were due to capitalist economy
Capitalism divided society into two classes
Capitalists: owned industries & factories
Proletariat: working class
Police force & courts of law were agencies of capitalists; use art, literature, etc. for keeping capitalists in power
Communist Manifesto: Karl Marx
Manifesto of the Communist Party (1948)
History = history of human struggle between social classes
Future was in the working class—capitalism would ultimately fail
Social revolution of proletariat  state would die off, but so would coercive institutions  fair, just society
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47. Social Reform and Trade Unions
Socialism had major impact on nineteenth-century reformers
Set labor laws for children, regulation of women’s working hours, addressed insurance and welfare/social reform programs
Trade unions formed for collective bargaining
Strikes to address workers’ concerns
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48. Global Effects of Industrialization
Early industrialization: Britain, western European, North America—followed by Japan and Russia later
Geographic division of labor
Some peoples produced raw materials
Others processed and consumed them
Uneven economic development
Developing export dependencies of Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, south and southeast Asia
Low wages, small domestic markets
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49. Questions to answer in the Marxist reading:
What were most of Marx’s writings about?
How did Marx define socialism? How did he define communism, and what is the difference between the two?
What is the Marxist view of human nature?
What did Marx think about the democratic revolutions of the late 1700’s and 1800’s? What did he think was the main result of these democratic revolutions?