1. World War I

2. MAIN Causes of World War I
Militarism - policy of building up a strong military to prepare for war
Alliances – agreements between nations to provide aid and protect on another
Imperialism – when one country takes over another country economically and politically.
Nationalism – extreme pride in one’s country
The Spark
Assassination – of Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand

3. Percentage Increase in Military Spending 1890-1913
Militarism
Percentage Increase in Military Spending
France
92%
Britain
117%
Russia
19%
Germany
158%

4. Size of Peacetime Army 1914 Britain 430,000 France 970,000
Russia ,500,000
Germany ,000
Austria Hungary 480,000
The armies of both France and Germany had more than doubled between 1870 and 1914.

5. Navy Buildup In 1880 Tones of Military Shipping In 1910
Germany
Britain ,00
In 1910
Germany ,000
Britain ,000
The Launch of HMS Dreadnought in 1906 made matters worse – the ship was fast, heavily armored with powerful guns and it made all previous battleships obsolete.
HMS Dreadnought was a battleship of the British Royal Navy that revolutionised naval power. Her entry into service in 1906 represented such a marked advance in naval technology that her name came to be associated with an entire generation of battleships, the "dreadnoughts", as well as the class of ships named after her, while the generation of ships she made obsolete became known as "pre-dreadnoughts". She was the sixth ship of that name in the Royal Navy.

6. Army Participation
Over 85% of men of military age in France and 50% in Germany had served in the army or navy. France had the highest proportion of its population in the army.

7. The crisis before 1914 1905 - Moroccan Crisis 1908 - Bosnian Crisis
Germany announced her support for Moroccan independence
Conference allowed France to retain possession.
1911 Germany again protested Frances possession – Germany was persuaded to back down for part of French Congo
Bosnian Crisis
Austria-Hungary took over the former Turkish province of Bosnia
Angering Serbians who felt it should be theirs
Serbia and Russia mobilized for war but was was avoided because Russia backed down
War in the Balkans between – Austria-Hungary intervened and forced Serbia to give up some of its acquisitions
Tension between Serbia and Austria-Hungary would stay high till World War I
Crises
Moroccan Crisis
 In 1904 Morocco had been given to France by Britain, but the Moroccans wanted their independence. In 1905, Germany announced her support for Moroccan independence. War was narrowly avoided by a conference which allowed France to retain possession of Morocco. However, in 1911, the Germans were again protesting against French possession of Morocco. Britain supported France and Germany was persuaded to back down for part of French Congo.
Bosnian Crisis
 In 1908, Austria-Hungary took over the former Turkish province of Bosnia. This angered Serbians who felt the province should be theirs. Serbia threatened Austria-Hungary with war, Russia, allied to Serbia, mobilised its forces. Germany, allied to Austria-Hungary mobilised its forces and prepared to threaten Russia. War was avoided when Russia backed down. There was, however, war in the Balkans between 1911 and 1912 when the Balkan states drove Turkey out of the area. The states then fought each other over which area should belong to which state. Austria-Hungary then intervened and forced Serbia to give up some of its acquisitions. Tension between Serbia and Austria-Hungary was high.
The Crises before 1914
Between 1900 and 1914 there had been three major crises between the great powers. These crises exposed the differences between the powers and reinforced the hostility between them.
Two were over Morocco (1905, 1911) and the other was over the Austrian annexation of Bosnia (1908).
First Moroccan Crisis
In 1905 Kaiser Wilhelm II visited the Moroccan port of Tangier and denounced French influence in Morocco. The move was designed to test the strength of the recent Anglo-French entente. The visit provoked an international crisis, which was resolved in France's favour at the Algeciras Conference, 1906.
The result was to bring France and Britain closer together. Edward VII called the German actions "the most mischievous and uncalled for event which the German Emperor has been engaged in since he came to the throne."
Second Moroccan Crisis
This crisis erupted when the Germans sent the gunboat "Panther" to the Moroccan port of Agadir, to protect German citizens there. Germany claimed that the French had ignored the terms of the Algeciras Conference. This provoked a major war scare in Britain until the Germans agreed to leave Morocco to the French in return for rights in the Congo. Many Germans felt that they had been humiliated and that their government had backed down.
The Annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina
The two Turkish provinces had been administered by Austria since the Congress of Berlin. Austria annexed Bosnia after tricking Russia during negotiations between their respective foreign ministers. The action outraged Serbia as there was a large Serbian population in Bosnia. There was a crisis among the Great powers and it brought Europe to the brink of war. Russia bowed to German pressure when they supported Austria and they agreed to the annexation. However she was determined not to be humiliated again.
The effects of these crises had been a hardening of attitudes and an increase in distrust between the different European powers. It led to a strengthening of the different alliances:
Britain and France during the Moroccan Crises
Austria and Germany during the Bosnian crisis.

8. Alliances
The Dual Alliance Germany and Austria-Hungary made an alliance to protect themselves from Russia.
Austro-Serbian Alliance
Austria-Hungary made an alliance with Serbia to stop Russia gaining control of Serbia.
The Triple Alliance Germany and Austria- Hungary made an alliance with Italy to stop Italy from taking sides with Russia.
Triple Entente (no separate peace) Britain, Russia and France agreed not to sign for peace separately.
Franco-Russian Alliance Russia formed an alliance with France to protect herself against Germany and Austria-Hungary.
Triple Entente This was made between Russia, France and Britain to counter the increasing threat from Germany.
Anglo-Russian Entente This was an agreement between Britain and Russia.
Entente Cordiale This was an agreement, but not a formal alliance, between France and Britain.

9. Alliances
Triple Alliance
Triple Entente

12. Imperialism
Great Britain, Germany and France needed foreign markets after the increase in manufacturing caused by the Industrial Revolution.
These countries competed for economic expansion in Africa. Although Britain and France resolved their differences in Africa, several crises foreshadowing the war involved the clash of Germany against Britain and France in North Africa.
In the Middle East, the crumbling Ottoman Empire was alluring to Austria-Hungary, the Balkans and Russia.

13. European Conquest of Africa

15. Nationalism
At the settlement of the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the principle of nationalism was ignored in favor of preserving the peace. Germany and Italy were left as divided states, but strong nationalist movements and revolutions led to the unification of Italy in 1861 and that of Germany in Another result was that France lost Alsace-Lorraine to Germany, and regaining it was a major goal of the French. Nationalism posed a problem for Austria-Hungary and the Balkans, areas comprised of many conflicting national groups. The ardent Pan Slavism of Serbia and Russia's willingness to support its Slavic brother conflicted with Austria-Hungary's Pan-Germanism.

16. Nationalism at play
Weltpolitik or the desire for world power status was very popular in Germany.
The French desire for revenge over Alsace and Lorraine was very strong.
In Britain Imperialism and support for the Empire was very evident. This nationalism meant that there was little resistance to war in these countries.
A P J Taylor wrote “the people of Europe leapt willingly into war.”
Allied to this growing militarism was an intense nationalism in most of the Great powers. Weltpolitik or the desire for world power status was very popular in Germany. The French desire for revenge over Alsace and Lorraine was very strong. In Britain Imperialism and support for the Empire was very evident. This nationalism meant that there was little resistance to war in these countries. Many welcomed what it was felt would be a short victorious war. For example the outbreak of war was greeted by cheering crowds in Berlin, Vienna and Paris. As A P J Taylor wrote “the people of Europe leapt willingly into war.”
Alan John Percivale Taylor, FBA (25 March 1906 – 7 September 1990) was a British historian who specialised in 19th and 20th century European diplomacy. Both a journalist and a broadcaster, he became well known to millions through his television lectures. His combination of academic rigour and popular appeal led historian Richard Overy to describe him as "the Macaulay of our age".

17. The “Spark”

18. Assassination
Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Duchess Sophie at Sarajevo, Bosnia, on June 28th, 1914.

20. Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand was killed in Bosnia by a Serbian nationalist group called the Black Hand who believed that Bosnia should belong to Serbia.

21. Domino Effect
Austria blamed Serbia for Ferdinand’s death and declared war on Serbia.
Germany pledged their support for Austria -Hungary.
Russia pledged their support for Serbia.

22. Domino Effect Germany declares war on Russia.
France pledges their support for Russia.
Germany declares war on France.
Germany invades Belgium on the way to France.
Great Britain supports Belgium and declares war on Germany.

23. Allied Powers
Central Powers
World War I

24. World War I begins

25. The Schlieffen Plan
German plan to avoid defeat from Russia by taking out France first and then fight Russians.
Smash France in 30 days before Russia could respond with troops
Go through Belgium to surround French troops, defeat the French and then rush to Poland front on the German rail system to face Russia
Once Russia began to mobilize, Germany had to attack France.

28. World War I
Russia wanted to stop 15 days into the 30 day time table/Germany did not want to risk it
On August 1, 1914, Germany declared war on Russia and implemented the Schlieffen Plan.
Once they invaded Belgium (August 4, 1914) on their way to France, Great Britain joined the war.

29. War as Celebration Everyone believed that it would be a short war.
(6 weeks)
News of war was greeted by most Europeans with great enthusiasm and with outpourings of patriotism and nationalism.
For decades, state-directed education had indoctrinated youth with nationalist attitudes, beliefs, and myths designed to promote social cohesion.
Thus, Europe marched off to war with great joy, anticipating a great adventure and national glory.

30. Stalemate The war quickly became a stalemate.
Trench warfare led to this stalemate --- Defense was as strong or stronger than offense (military tactics had not kept up with military technology)
New military technology (machine guns, aerial bombing, poison gas, flame throwers, land mines, armored tanks)
Yet European armies had prepared only for offensive warfare.
Throughout the war we would see armies go “over the top” out of the trenches in an offensive.
The result was mass carnage with very little advancement.

32. Stalemate
The Germans could not quickly secure victory over the French, however, because the Russian army mobilized faster than anticipated and the Germans had to divert troops to the Eastern Front.
The Germans had great success against the Russians; however, the resources needed to fight on the Eastern Front ensured that the stalemate on the Western front would continue.
The result was a deadlock that neither side could break.

34. Empire at War The horrors of war reached across continents.
The sprawling Ottoman Empire battled British- and Russian-led forces in Egypt, Iraq, and the Caucasus.
In East Asia, Japan declared war on Germany and seized German possessions in China.
The British and French conscripted colonial subjects:
India: 1 million soldiers to Allies. (60,000 died)
Africa: more than 1 million soldiers, 3 million transported goods. (150,000 died)
Australia, New Zealand, and Canada: Over 1 million.

35. U.S. Involvement The U.S. declared war on Germany in April 1917.
Many reasons: unrestricted submarine warfare (Lusitania), Zimmerman telegram, British propaganda, the Russian Revolution
With America’s entry, the war was transformed (at least according to Woodrow Wilson) into a moral crusade: an ideological conflict between democracy and autocracy.
He had been able to claim that because of the revolution in Russia.

36. Armistice: November 11, 1918
In March 1918, Russians sign separate peace with Germans (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk)
With Russia out of the war, the Germans prepared for a decisive offensive before the U.S. could land sufficient troops in France to help the Allies.
A war of attrition now favored the Allies, who could count on American supplies and manpower.
Without an immediate and decisive victory, Germany could not win the war.
The offensive failed. Fearing an Allied invasion of Germany, Kaiser William II abdicates and flees to Holland. A new German Republic is organized that signed an armistice on November 11, 1918, ending the hostilities.

37. Cost of the war 15 million people were killed.
About 1/3 of the soldiers that fought in the war were wounded.
The economic cost was severe.
Estimates put the damage at about 100 trillion modern U.S. dollars.
The European economy was left in shambles and the U.S. emerged as the dominant world economic power.

41. What new weapons were used in WWI?
Machine gun
Poison gas
Submarine
Airplane
Tank
Why these weapons? Why now?
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION!!

48. What were the results? Germany surrendered.
Allies impose Treaty of Versailles.
Declares Germany guilty for war.
Germany must pay reparations to Allies.
This sets the stage for WWII!
League of Nations formed to try to prevent war in the future.

49. Casualties? Total troops mobilized by all countries in WW1 65,038,810
Total troops dead from all countries in WW1 8,556,315
Total troops wounded from all countries in WW1 21,219,452
Total missing or POWs 7,750,945

50. The Spanish Flu (Influenza) 1918
Struck in the trenches of the western front and then flourished when soldiers returned home.
It became the greatest public health disaster of modern history
The pandemic killed between 22 and 30 million people worldwide, or roughly twice as many as had died during the fighting
In Spain, it killed roughly 40 percent of the population (8 million), thus giving it the name of the Spanish Influenza.
British colonial troops carried it to India where it killed 12 million.
No disease, plague, war, famine, or natural catastrophe in world history had killed so many people in such a short time.

54. Russian Revolution

55. Signs of Unrest Peasants unhappy with low standard of living.
Upper classes resentful of influence of foreign countries.
Some wanted
Democratic system
Constitutional monarchy like England
Socialism

56. V.I. Lenin Devoted life to setting up a socialist state.
A student of Marxism
Two groups of Russian Marxists
Mensheviks – more time needed for industrialization before a revolution would be successful
Bolsheviks – Secret group that would help stage a proletariat revolution (Lenin a part of this group.)
The proletariat (from Latin proletarius, a citizen of the lowest class) is a term used to identify a lower social class, usually the working class; a member of such a class is proletarian

57. Revolution of 1905 Series of revolts after defeat in war with Japan.
January – workers attack royal palace
Czar Nicholas II – Issued October Manifesto
Forms Duma-Russia’s first parliament
Revolutionaries still unhappy
Czar keeps power to veto the Duma

58. March Revolution - 1917 Unplanned
Soldiers were ordered to shoot striking workers, they instead, shot their officers
Leads to provisional parliamentary government.

59. Bolshevik Revolution November 1917
Lead by Leon Trotsky with support from Lenin
Seized power, arrested members of the provisional government

60. New Government under Lenin
Bolsheviks now communists
Proclaims dictatorship
New government lead by Politburo
All other political parties banned
Opposed organized religion
Called for communist revolutions in other countries.
Use terror tactics
Secret police
Executes thousands who opposed communism.