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Heart Diseases

2. So What Could Possibly Go Wrong With Your Heart?
Compromises
Function
Diseases of Heart Muscle
Diseases of Valves
Diseases of Arteries
Diseases of Coverings
Diseases of Conduction

3. Diseases of Arteries
Atherosclerosis Is A Disease That Mainly Affects The Large Arteries
The Main Feature Is The Deposition Of Fat (Principally Cholesterol) In The Inner Lining Of These Vessels
It Is Associated With Spasm Of The Vessel, Bleeding Into The Vessel And Clotting On The Inner Surface Of Vessel

4. The Deposits Of Fat (Plaques) Also Occur In The Arteries Of The Heart
Coronary Arteries

5. Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction)
Video

6. Warning Signs/Symptoms
Chest Discomfort
Discomfort In Other Areas Of Upper Body
Shortness Of Breath
Lightheadedness
Nausea/Vomiting
Back Or Jaw Pain

7. Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease
Blood pressure
Serum lipids
Stress
Sedentary
Obesity
PATIENT
PATIENT
lifestyle
lifestyle
Diabetes
Smoking
Age, Gender, Family history

8. Diseases of Arteries
An aneurysm occurs where a section of a blood vessel (artery) balloons out. The wall of an aneurysm is weaker than a normal artery wall. The pressure of the blood inside the artery causes the weaker section of wall to balloon.

9. Diseases of Arteries Aortic aneurysms can occur in two main places:
Abdominal aortic aneurysms occur in the part of the aorta that passes through the middle to low abdomen.
Thoracic aortic aneurysms occur on the aorta as it passes through the chest cavity. These are less common than abdominal aneurysms.

11. Dissecting Aneurysm
Instead of causing a bulge in a thinned artery wall, aortic aneurysms occasionally occur between layers of the artery itself. This is called a "dissecting aneurysm." Blood starts to flow in the separated artery layers cutting off blood flow in the artery. This condition can rapidly lead to rupture of the artery.

12. Aortic Aneurysms Aortic aneurysms may be caused by:
Atherosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries, which weakens arterial walls.
Hypertension (high blood pressure).
Local injury to the artery.
Congenital abnormality. A number of conditions, such as Marfan syndrome or bicuspid aortic valves are present at birth and can cause weakness of the artery walls.
Aging
Syphilis used to be a common cause of thoracic aneurysms, but it is no longer as common.

13. Diseases of Arteries Small aneurysms generally pose no threat.
However, aneurysms increase the risk for:
Atherosclerotic plaque formation at the site, causing further weakening of the artery wall.
A blood clot may form at the site and dislodge, increasing the chance of stroke.
Increase in the size of the aneurysm, causing it to press on other organs. This may cause pain.
Aneurysm rupture. Because the artery wall thins at this spot, it is fragile and may burst under stress. The rupture of an aortic aneurysm is a catastrophic, life-threatening event.

14. Diseases of Heart Muscle

15. Diseases of Heart Muscle
Heart failure means that the heart's ability to pump blood or fill with blood is diminished.
Approximately 5 million Americans have heart failure.
Although some types of heart failure can be treated by surgery, most forms of congestive heart failure are life-long.
The condition can be successfully treated with lifestyle adjustments and with medication.

16. Diseases of Heart Muscle
Types of heart failure
Left-sided Heart Failure - the left ventricle typically pumps out inadequate amounts of oxygenated blood to the rest of the body, and fluid backs up into the lungs.
Right-sided Heart Failure - the resistance to blood flow through the lungs exceeds the right ventricle's ability to pump blood into the lungs. Consequently, blood backs up into the liver and other organs. The most common cause of right heart failure is actually left heart failure.

17. Diseases of Heart Muscle
Types of heart failure
Systolic Heart Failure - the heart's pumping function is depressed.
Diastolic Heart Failure - the heart is unable to fill up with an adequate amount of blood. Diastolic heart failure usually occurs because the muscular heart wall thickens and stiffens. Abnormal thickening of the heart muscle wall, called hypertrophy, has many causes, the most common of which is hypertension. Less commonly, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy may cause heart muscle to thicken.

18. Diseases of Heart Muscle
The symptoms of heart failure often develop slowly because the body can compensate for early effects of the disease, thus the heart's function may diminish significantly without noticeable symptoms. Symptoms include: Shortness of breath (dyspnea); Coughing; Swelling and weight gain; and Fatigue.

19. Causes of Heart Failure
Heart attacks are the most common cause of heart failure. Other causes include: Malfunction of the aortic, mitral, pulmonary or tricuspid valves;
Uncontrolled or longstanding hypertension;
Cancer therapies, such as radiation and chemotherapy;
Certain treatments for AIDS;
Viral or bacterial infections;
Complications during pregnancy;
Chronic alcohol abuse; and
Idiopathic, meaning the cause is unknown.

20. Causes of Heart Failure
Conditions that increase the risk of heart failure include:
Diabetes mellitus;
Some diabetes medications, including rosiglitazone (Avandia) and pioglitazone (Actos);
Sleep apnea;
Congenital heart defects; and
Kidney conditions.

21. Assessing for Heart Failure
Heart failure is determined by measuring a patient's ejection fraction (the percentage of blood that the heart pumps each heartbeart) to determine tell how well the heart is working.
Tests the physician may use:
Echocardiography
Left ventriculogram;
Nuclear imaging;
Computed tomography (CT) scan; and
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

22. Assessing for Heart Failure

24. Diseases of Valves

25. Diseases of Valves

26. Aortic Valve Stenosis

27. Valvular Regurgitation

28. Diseases of Coverings

29. Pericarditis Pericarditis is often the result of an infection such as:
Viral infections that cause a chest cold or pneumonia, such as echovirus or coxsackie virus (common in children) and influenza
Infections with bacteria (less common)
Some fungal infections (rare)

30. Symptoms of Pericarditis
Chest pain is almost always present.
The pain:
May be felt in the neck, shoulder, back, or abdomen
Often increases with deep breathing and lying flat, and may increase with coughing and swallowing
Can feel sharp and stabbing
Is often relieved by sitting up and leaning or bending forward
You may have fever, chills, or sweating if the condition is caused by an infection.

31. Causes of Pericarditis
The condition may be seen with diseases such as:
Cancer (including leukemia), Disorders in which the immune system attacks healthy body tissue by mistake, HIV infection and AIDS
Underactive thyroid gland, Kidney failure, Rheumatic fever, Tuberculosis (TB)
Other causes include:
Heart attack, heart surgery or trauma to the chest, esophagus, or heart; certain medicines, such as procainamide, hydralazine, phenytoin, isoniazid, and some drugs used to treat cancer or suppress the immune system; Swelling or inflammation of the heart muscle; Radiation therapy to the chest

32. Treating Pericarditis
The cause of pericarditis should be identified, if possible.
High doses of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen will decrease your pain and reduce the swelling or inflammation.
If pericarditis does not go away after 1 to 2 weeks, or it comes back weeks or months later, a medicine called colchicine may be added.
If the cause of pericarditis is an infection, antibiotics will be used for bacterial infections; Antifungal medicines will be used for fungal pericarditis
Other medicines that may be used are:
Corticosteroids such as prednisone (in some patients)
"Water pills" (diuretics) to remove excess fluid
If the buildup of fluid makes the heart function poorly, treatment may include:
Draining the fluid from the sac. This procedure, called pericardiocentesis, may be done using an echocardiography-guided needle.
Cutting a small hole (window) in the pericardium (subxiphoid pericardiotomy) to allow the infected fluid to drain into the abdominal cavity
Surgery called pericardiectomy may be needed if the pericarditis is long-lasting, comes back after treatment, or causes scarring or tightening of the tissue around the heart.

33. Outlook (Prognosis)
Pericarditis can range from mild illness that gets better on its own, to a life-threatening condition. Fluid buildup around the heart and poor heart function can complicate the disorder.
The outcome is good if pericarditis is treated right away. Most people recover in 2 weeks to 3 months. However, pericarditis may come back. This is called recurrent, or chronic, if symptoms or episodes continue.
Scarring and thickening of the sac-like covering and the heart muscle may occur when the problem is severe. This is called constrictive pericarditis. It can cause long-term problems similar to those of heart failure.

34. Conduction Disorders

35. Normal Conduction

36. Right Bundle Branch Block

37. Left Bundle Branch Block

38. Atrial Fibrillation

39. Skipped Heart Beats

40. Ventricular Fibrillation

41. Artificial Pacemaker

43. Thank You