1. Effective Communication
Human Resources Management and Supervision
OH 2-1

2. Communication Define communication-
Process by which information is exchanged
Forms of communication: talking, listening, body language, writing
Supervisors need to be good at communication in order to be effective

3. Effective Communication
Verbal
The message itself, the words you say
Vocal
Element of your voice: the intonation, projection and resonance of the voice that carries those words.
Visual
What people see: your face and your body

4. Verbal-Vocal-Visual
Most effective communication: Verbal 7% Vocal 38% Visual 55% Total 100%

5. Nine Behavioral Skills
Eye Communication
Posture/Movement
Gestures/Facial Expression
Dress/Appearance
Voice/Vocal Variety
Language/Non-Words
Listener-Involvement
Humor
The Natural Self

6. Types of Business Communication
Downward communication: the passage of information from an organization’s higher levels to its lower levels.
Upward communication: the passage of information from an organization’s lower levels to its higher levels.
Lateral communication – the passage of information between peers, or members of the same level.
Customer communication – the passage of information from the organization to customers and client

7. Types of Business Communication continued
Downward communication:
Necessary to execute decisions and to give employees information about the organization
Examples: company and department newsletters
Recorded messages
Reports
Booklets
Meetings

8. Types of Business Communication continued
Upward communication:
Initiated by employees who seek to inform or influence those who are higher up in the organizations hierarchy.
When supervisors have a good relationship with their employees, and when two-way communication between levels of the organization flows freely, upward communication is very powerful.
Examples: employee suggestion boxes, open employee meetings, focus groups, one on one sessions with supervisors/management

9. Types of Business Communication continued
Lateral communication:
Occurs daily in all operations between employees and managers, before and after the employee is ‘on the clock’
Predominantly informal
Examples include:
Business conversation to achieve the requirements of their positions
Mentoring or ‘on the job’ training between employees
Friendly exchange of information: conversations, breaks, etc.
Gossip, rumors and ‘grapevine’ communication

10. Types of Business Communication continued
Customer communication:
Occurs continuously
The customer can be internal or external
Internal customers are people you work with
Examples include: department meetings, across department lines (back of the house to front of the hours), phone,
External customers are your guests or clients
Examples include: Customer service, phone, , annual reports, marketing, menu

11. Communication Myths
Often create misconceptions and misunderstandings and become obstacles to communicating effectively.
“We communicate only when we want to communicate.”
“Words mean the same to me and to you.”
“We communicate chiefly with words.”
“Nonverbal communication is silent communication.”
“The best communication is a one-way message—from me to you.”
“The message I communicate is the message that you receive.”
“There is no such thing as too much information.”

12. Some facts about Communication
You need feedback
It can be formal or informal (i.e. grapevine)
It needs to be meaningful, and have a purpose if it is to be remembered
You need to understand the role of emotion, appearance, and prejudice
You need to understand the role of the “status quo”
You need to concentrate in order to truly listen
You need to use language that is appropriate and understood
Listening and writing skills can be improved
continued

13. Facts continued Timing is important
Listening and writing skills can be improved
If the communication is fact finding (i.e. an interview) you need to use open ended questions
You need to summarize long discussions
You need to understand body language overrules talk

14. Barriers to Effective Communication
In addition to misconceptions about the communication process, there exist barriers that can decrease your ability to communication effectively.
Distractions
Cultural differences
Poor timing
Emotions
Personality differences
Prejudices and perceptions
Differences in knowledge and assumptions
Stress

15. A Model of Interpersonal Communications
Speaker begins by: Thinking about the message her or she is about to send
The speaker sorts and selects from: Knowledge,
Past Experience, Feelings, Attitudes Emotions
The speaker puts the message into:
Words, Actions,
Signs, & Symbols
The speaker sends the message to the listener by:
Speaking, Acting
Writing
The listener:
Receives the message
The speaker:
Receives feedback from the listener
The listener sends feedback to the speaker by:
The listener puts the message and his or her reaction into:
The listener sorts & selects from:
Knowledge,
The listener begins by:
Thinking about the message and reacting to it
Speaker begins again by: Thinking about the message her or she receives from the listener
The speaker responds to feedback from the listener by putting a message into:
Receives the response from the sender
Receives the listener’s response
The listener responds to the speaker by:
The listener responds to feedback from the speaker by putting his or her reaction into:
The listener again begins by:
Thinking about the response to his or her feedback

16. Speaking Skills
Effective speaking, whether before a group or in a conversation with an individual, generally contains an introduction, main body and conclusion.
The introduction should:
Get the listeners attention
Obtain the listener’s interest
Communicate your purpose for speaking

17. Speaking Skills continued
Main body:
Present key points in a logical manner
Use spoken cues to tell your listener what’s important
Ask questions of listener to make sure they understand
Conclusion
Summarize your message

18. Speaking Skills continued
Other things can also impact how your message is heard and perceived:
Volume, pitch, tone and pace all impact your speaking skills
You should try to vary your speech

19. Listening Skills
Daily we face sounds and communication of every kind, coming from all directions
To decipher the sounds, we hear selectively (we notice some sounds while tuning others out)
Hearing is largely passive, in other words we don’t have to work at it.
Listening is not the same as hearing, we have to become involved.
Learning to listen well will enhance your communication with others.

20. Obstacles to Listening
Obstacles to listening are created by many of the listener’s own bad habits.
Mind wanders
Tuning out
Distractions
Prejudices
Too many notes
You must become actively involved in listening.

21. Four Stages in Active Listening
1. Focusing
2. Interpreting
3. Evaluating
4. Responding

22. Active Listening Skills
· Mirroring—repeating exactly some of the speaker’s key words
· Paraphrasing—using your own words to restate the speaker’s feelings or meaning
· Summarizing—condensing and stressing the speaker’s important points
· Self-disclosure—showing how you feel about what the speaker said
· Questioning/clarifying—asking questions to ensure understanding

23. Open-Ended Questions Ask open-ended questions to:
· Begin a discussion—“What do you think about …”
· Understand the speaker’s ideas—“Can you tell me …”
· Examine a touchy subject—“How do you feel about …”
· Avoid influencing an answer—“Tell me more about …”

24. Specific Questions – Information Seeking
Ask specific (or closed-ended) questions to get details:
· Who
· What
· Where
· When
· Why
· Which
· How many

25. Keeping the Speaker Speaking
· “I understand.”
· “Tell me more.”
· “Let’s talk about it.”
· “I see.”
· “This seems very important to you.”
· “I’d like to hear your point of view.”
· “Really.”

26. Non-Verbal Communication
Nonverbal communication, or body language, is also important in day- to-day interactions. As a supervisor, you will interpret the physical signals that employees, peers, and managers send when interacting with you or with others. The spoken word is not the only means of human expression! We communicate with:
Facial expression
Eyes
Posture
Gestures
Body movement

27. Forms of Business Communication
Management-by-walking-around (MBWA)
Hands on approach; listening, observing, learning, communicating
Upward communication:
Originates with the organization’s lower levels and filters to its higher levels.
Downward communication:
Information that begins at some point in the organizational structure and cascades down the chain of command to inform or influence others
Formal communication:
memos, reports, suggestion boxes, employee newsletters or bulletin boards
Employee Grapevine: rumors and gossip
Provides useful, off-the-record feedback from employees
Managers must be prepared to listen, understand and interpret the information

28. Business Writing Tips
Good writing clearly communicates information or ideas, as briefly as possible, to intended readers. At the same time, it obeys certain rules of grammar, spelling, sentence structure, and punctuation.
Before you begin to write:
Have a specific reader or audience in mind
Know your objective
Decide which essential information to include
Determine how to present the information

29. Business Writing Tips continued
Use an Outline:
Introduce your topic
List significant points
Keep to your objective and sort all points into logical order that supports your objective
Use plain English and short sentences
Summarize and Conclusion

30. Business Writing Tips continued
Before you distribute your written communication, take a final look:
Is it organized well?
Is it clear?
Is it concise?
Is it accurate?
Is it courteous, friendly, professional?

31. Business Writing Tips continued
Today’s communication includes substantial written communication in . Remember these simple tips:
Mind Your Manners: Think of the basic rules you learned growing up, like saying please and thank you. Address people you don't know as Mr., Mrs., or Dr. Only address someone by first name if they imply it's okay to do so.
Watch Your Tone: It is very difficult to express tone in writing. You want to come across as respectful, friendly, and approachable. You don't want to sound curt or demanding. Never type in CAPITALS – this generally denotes SHOUTING!
Be Concise: Get to the point of your as quickly as possible, but don't leave out important details that will help your recipient answer your query.
Be Professional: This means, stay away from abbreviations and don't use emoticons (those little smiley faces). Don't use a cute or suggestive address for business communications.

32. Business Writing Tips continued
Use Correct Spelling and Proper Grammar: Use a dictionary or a spell checker — whichever works better for you. While you can write in a conversational tone (contractions are okay), pay attention to basic rules of grammar.
Add disclaimers to your s. It is important to add disclaimers to your internal and external mails, since this can help protect your company from liability.
Read the before you send it. A lot of people don't bother to read an before they send it out, as can be seen from the many spelling and grammar mistakes contained in s. Apart from this, reading your through the eyes of the recipient will help you send a more effective message and avoid misunderstandings and inappropriate comments.
Do not use an to discuss confidential information. Sending an is like sending a postcard. If you don’t want the information to be displayed on a bulletin board, don’t send it. An can altered, copied, and forwarded. Be careful what you !

33. Key Terms
Downward communication: The passage of information from an organization’s higher levels to lower levels
Empathy: The ability to see circumstances from the other’s viewpoint or to understand the other’s feelings
Feedback: The reaction of a listener or reader to the verbal or non-verbal communication of a speaker or writer. Feedback may evaluate something the speaker/writer said or did, and may provide corrective information.
Lateral communication: The passage of information between peers or members within the same organizational level.
Mirroring: Exactly repeating a speaker’s key words to show the speaker how a key word or phrase sounds. It indicates the listeners' interest in the speakers’ words and desire to understand them. Mirroring helps both you and the speaker determine the importance of any words the speaker uses. Also called ‘restating’.
Nonverbal Communication: The gestures and body movements a person uses, including facial expression, eye contact or movement, and posture. Our body language may contradict our words or reveal information we don’t intend to reveal. We can hear certain types of nonverbal communication, such as laughter, weeping, whistling or tone of voice.

34. Key Terms continued
Open-ended questions: Questions that permit the applicant to respond in a free, unstructured way. Such questions are broad and ask for responses of more than just a few words.
Outline: a list of significant points someone makes before starting to write a memo, letter, or report. It helps the writer organize his or her thoughts before actually starting to write.
Paraphrasing: Using your own words to restate what a speaker is saying, or to reflect the content of the sender’s message as well as the feelings behind the content. Paraphrasing helps to clarify what the speaker is saying. It also helps the speaker, because a paraphrase reveals how the speaker's message sounds to others.
Summarizing statements: Statements that condense parts of what the speaker said and stress important points. Use them to focus attention on a certain topic, to show that you agree on specific points, to guide the speaker to another part of the subject, and to reach agreement on specific points in order to end the conversation.
Topic sentence: A sentence that contains the main point of a paragraph and shows what a paragraph is about. Using a topic sentence as a guideline, the writer logically developes the rest of the paragraph.
Upward communication: The passage of information from an organization’s lower levels to its higher levels.