1. The Wars Of Religion

2. THE EUROPEAN WARS OF RELIGION c. 1560-1660

3. Philip II (r. 1556 – 1598) Son of Charles V
Ruled Spanish & Portuguese Empires, Netherlands and Southern Italy.
Strongest military power in the world.

4. El Escorial
New royal palace/fortress (and monastery and mausoleum) in shape of grill, reflected Philip’s religious and military convictions.

5. Catholic Crusade
Philip II fanatically seeks to re-impose Catholicism in Europe.
Takes on Calvinists in his Netherlands territories.
Fights against Protestant England due to Elizabeth I’s support of the Dutch
Takes on Muslim Turks power in the Mediterranean.

6. Battle of Lepanto 1571
Encouraged by Pope Pius V, Philip used combined Spanish and Italian fleets to fight the Turks.
Spain defeated Turkish navy off coast of Greece.
Turkish navy severely weakened as result.

8. The Dutch Revolt
Calvinist Netherlands resented foreign rule by Spain (both on religious, economic, and political grounds).
Philip II sends the Duke of Alva to suppress revolt reign of terror killing thousands of rebels.
Duke of Alva

9. The Dutch Revolt
1579, seven northern provinces form Union of Utrecht to continue fight.
William I (William of Orange) ( ), led 7 provinces against Inquisition and revolt against rule of Philip II. He was assassinated in 1584.
Struggle continued to 1609; 12-year truce enacted; Defacto Dutch independence formally recognised in P of W in 1648.

10. England v. Spain
Queen Mary Tudor (Philip’s wife) re- imposes Catholicism in England.
Alliance with England ends with death of Mary in 1558 and the accession of Elizabeth.
Queen Elizabeth I reverses Mary’s edicts Elizabeth helps Protestant Netherlands gain independence from Spain.
Philip plots to re-impose Catholicism in England

11. Elizabeth I
Elizabeth I of England (r ) championed Protestant causes in Europe.
England was an unlikely foe to Spain (lost possessions in Europe, had no overseas possessions)
Elizabeth carefully crafted her image to instill the love of her people.
Elizabeth supported the Dutch Revolt and English privateers regularly attacked Spanish colonial shipping.

12. The Armada, 1588
Philip II attempts to invade England to end Protestant resistance.
Fleet attempts to pick up Spanish troops in the Netherlands for invasion.
Armada is harassed by smaller, better armed and more maneuverable English fleet

13. The Armada, 1588
The combination of better English seamanship and bad weather (“the Protestant Wind”) defeated the Spanish.
Forced to return home via northern route, half the fleet lost.
Marked the beginning of the end of Spanish power; leads to rise of Netherlands, England and France.

14. Civil War
In France
( )

16. The Valois Family: The Beginning of the End
Henri II --the last powerful Valois King

17. The Valois Family: The Beginning of the End
Three sons followed Henri II to the throne:
Francis II, Charles IX and Henri III

18. The Valois Family: The Beginning of the End
Catherine de Medici was the power behind the throne:
Was mother to the boys.
Played both sides in the civil war.
Developed a reputation for ruthlessness.

19. Francis II & His Wife, Mary Stuart

20. The French Civil War There were two sides:
Guise family led Catholics in North
Bourbon family led Huguenots in South
Fighting for the royal inheritance
Catherine supported the Guises in the first phase.
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
August 24, 1572
20,000 Huguenots were killed
Henri of Navarre, a Bourbon, survived

21. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

22. The French Civil War Catherine started supporting the Bourbons.
Henri of Navarre defeated Catholic League & becomes Henry IV of France.
Effects of Civil War:
France was left divided by religion
Royal power had weakened
Valois family now replaced by Bourbons
Catholic League
CIVIL WAR
Protestant Union

23. Triumphal Entry of Henry IV Into Paris – Peter Paul Reubens

24. Henry IV of France Ended Spanish interference in France
Converted to Catholicism :
Did this to compromise and make peace
Paris is worth a mass.
Passed Edict of Nantes in 1598:
Granted religious rights to Huguenots
Did not grant religious freedom for all

25. The 30 Years War

26. Historical Background
Because of the execution of Jan Hus in 1415, Bohemia was a hotbed of contention between Protestants and Catholics. (Bohemia consisted of Bohemia, Silesia, Moravia and Lusatia).
By 1600, Protestants outnumbered Catholics in Bohemia but the Protestants were fragmented into denominations or sects
Emperor Rudolph II issued a Letter of Majesty granting some limited freedoms and tolerance to Protestants but Rudolph died before Protestants fully enjoyed the limited freedoms
Catholics forbade Protestants to build churches in towns where Protestant churches did not already exist
Ferdinand II was to be the new King of Bohemia and Protestants feared for the worst

27. The Thirty Years War
( )

28. Cuius regio, eius religio
Whose land, his religion.
Pope Urban VIII

29. In what ways are the Wars of Religion really expression of civil war within the Holy Roman Empire?
Why is it difficult to pinpoint the end of the Protestant Reformation?

30. Overview 1st continent wide war in Europe, fought mainly in Germany
The culmination of the religious wars of the 16th century between Catholics and Protestants

31. Describe the main idea:

32. Goals: German Princes want to gain autonomy from Holy Roman Empire
France wants to limit Hapsburg power
Spain wants to expand Hapsburg power into Germany
Sweden and Denmark want to strengthen their control over the Baltic.
Majority of goals are geopolitical, not religious.

34. The Defenestration of Prague
Protestants set up a meeting with Catholic officials in Prague on May 23, 1618.
Meeting went badly, the Protestants seized two Catholic officials and tossed them out the window.
This event is known as The Defenestration of Prague. The word defenestrate comes from Latin word for “window” and means “out the window”
Survived the fall because they landed in a dung heap or ditch; Catholics claimed angels saved them
This was the spark that ignited the 30 Years’ War

35. Defenestration of Prague

36. The 30 Years’ War Four Phases of the 30 Years’ War: The Bohemian Phase
The Danish Phase
The Swedish Phase
The French Phase

37. The Bohemian Phase ( )
Bohemians (modern day Czechs and Slovaks) were mostly Calvinist
Emperor Matthias I Catholic  Bohemians begin to fear loss of religious freedoms
 Defenestration of Prague
Ferdinand II becomes Holy Roman Emperor and with support of Spanish Hapsburgs crushes protestant forces
Catholics win and take land away from Protestant nobles

38. The Danish Phase ( )
Christian IV of Denmark (Lutheran) wants to strengthen Protestants in Germany and annex German lands for his son.
Ferdinand II has mercenary army raised  much pillaging and plundering, defeat Danes in 1626.
1629 Ferdinand II passes The Edict of Restitution restored all of the protestant states back to Catholicism

39. The Swedish Phase ( )
Cardinal Richelieu (Regent to Louis XIII of France) gives financial aid to Sweden to encourage more war.
Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus, a Lutheran is eager to fight to strengthen protestant claims.
Adolohus wins decisive victory against Catholics, but is then killed.
German princes enter into separate peace with emperor.
The Peace of Prague revokes Edict of Restitution
Swede defeated, but Richelieu still hopes to undermine Hapsburg power in Germany

40. The French-Swedish Phase (1635-1648)
France, Holland, and Savoy all enter war on Sweden’s side
Spain continues to support Holy Roman Empire
French defeat Spanish at Rocroi
1644 peace talks begin in Westphalia

41. The Peace of Westphalia Cuius region, eius religio!
Peace of Augsburg reinstituted, Calvinism added
Edict of Restitution revoked, land lost by protestant landlords returned
Switzerland and Holland gain independence from Hapsburgs
France, Sweden, and Brandenburg (eventually Prussia) gain territory
German princes were made sovereign rulers limiting power of HRE.
Over 300 leaders in Germany, unification will not occur until 19th century!

43. Effects of Thirty Years War
Germany devastated
Age of religious wars end, greater religious tolerance, rise of nation-states, “balance of power
Hapsburg power weakened greatly
Protestant and counter reformations slowed, Protestantism safely established.

44. Things You Must Remember
The 30 Years War began as a war of religion and developed into an international war of politics
While the war started as a religious war, the war healed no religious wounds
France proved that international politics would be more important in the coming centuries than religion
No participant in the 30 Years War possessed a large enough army to knock out its opponents; Louis XIV would learn from this

45. You must remember this … Continued)
The Alsace region would be hotly contested even as late as World War II
The Holy Roman Empire historically had more influence in Germany than anywhere else in Europe; therefore, the sovereignty of the German princes essentially meant the end of the Holy Roman Empire
Because the vast majority of the fighting took place in Germany, the German states suffered more than any other participants