1. Animal Form and Function
Axolotl – salamander native to shallow ponds in Mexico. External Gills! Structure/Function
Circulation and Gas Exchange Refer to pg in Holtzclaw, Ch 42 in Campbell and media resources Also refer to AP Lab 10

2. LEARNING GOAL: HOW DO ANIMALS EXCHANGE GASES AND TRANSPORT THEM INTERNALLY? WHAT ARE VARIOUS STRUCTURE/FUNCTION EXAMPLES ACROSS THE ANIMAL KINGDOM?

3. Learning Intentions You must know:
The circulatory vessels, heart chambers, and route of mammalian circulation.
How red bloods cells (RBCs) demonstrate the relationship of structure to function.
The general characteristics of a respiratory surface.
The pathway a molecule of oxygen takes from the air until it is picked up by the hemoglobin of a red blood cell.

4. The circulatory vessels, heart chambers, and route of mammalian circulation.
You must exchange gas, wastes, and nutrients at the cellular level by diffusion!
Two solutions:
1) Keep all cells in contact with environment
Gastrovascular Cavity
2) Move fluid around to tissues/cells for exchange
Circulatory System

5. Gastrovascular Cavity

6. What are the three components of a Circulatory System?

7. What are the three components of a Circulatory System?
Blood (Circulatory Fluid)
Vessels (Tubes)
Heart (Pump)
Note differences in open vs closed. Open: blood and lymph are combined as hemolymph. Cavities called synuses. Arthropods and Molluscs. Closed: Blood in vessels. Blood separate from interstitial fluid. Annelids. Cephalopods, All Vertebrates.

8. In closed circulation you have:
Arteries –
Capillaries –
Veins –

9. In closed circulation you have:
Arteries – carry blood away from heart
Thick, lots of smooth muscle
Arterioles are smaller
Capillaries – Gas/Nutrient/Waste Exchange
Microscopic
Walls are one-cell layer thick (significance?)
Veins – carry blood back to the heart
Have valves to prevent backflow
Venules are smaller
The heart has atria and ventricles

11. Try This! True or False? Capillary beds:
Are the site of nutrient and oxygen delivery to tissues
Have a total cross-sectional area much smaller than the total cross-sectional area of major arteries
Join arterioles and venules

12. Try This! True or False? Capillary beds:
Are the site of nutrient and oxygen delivery to tissues TRUE!
Have a total cross-sectional area much smaller than the total cross-sectional area of major arteries FALSE!
Join arterioles and venules TRUE!

13. Variations!

14. Variations!

15. Take a moment to read and understand the Path of Circulation on Page 239 in Holtzclaw

16. The Cardiac Cycle – Systole (contraction) and Diastole (Relaxation)

17. The Cardiac Cycle – Read Heart Rate on Page 240 in Holtzclaw

22. Blood Pressure: Read 42.2 on page 240 in Holtzclaw
Analyze the graphs

23. Blood Pressure
What happens to cross-sectional surface area, velocity, and pressure as you move through the circulatory system?

24. Activity: Measuring Blood Pressure!
Experimental, not diagnostic!!!

28. Learning Intentions Do you know?
The circulatory vessels, heart chambers, and route of mammalian circulation.

29. Learning Intentions You must know:
The circulatory vessels, heart chambers, and route of mammalian circulation.
How red bloods cells (RBCs) demonstrate the relationship of structure to function.
The general characteristics of a respiratory surface.
The pathway a molecule of oxygen takes from the air until it is picked up by the hemoglobin of a red blood cell.

30. Red Blood Cells: Structure/Function
Biconcave disks
Why?
250 million Hb/RBC
No nuclei!
No mitochondria!
Produced from stem cells in bone marrow (as are all blood cells)

31. Red Blood Cells: Structure/Function
Biconcave disks
More surface area
250 mill Hb/RBC
No nuclei!
More room for Hb
No mitochondria!
O2 not used up
Produced from stem cells in bone marrow (as are all blood cells)

32. THE GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A RESPIRATORY SURFACE
Respiratory surface (skin, gills, tracheae, lungs) are:
Moist
High surface area/volume ratio (folding, branching)
Closely associated with vascular system of large animals

38. Breathing

39. Control Sense carbon dioxide and hydrogen ion Why hydrogen ion?
Chemistry of carbon dioxide

40. Hemoglobin Globular protein
Subunits?
Where is it made?
Can change its affinity for oxygen by slightly changing shape (Bohr Shift)
Can carry oxygen, carbon dioxide, or hydrogen ions!
Carbon dioxide usually carried as bicarbonate ions

41. To do:
BioFlix!!
Read Holtzclaw and do all activities in chapter 42 media resources (interactive animations)
Do you know?
The circulatory vessels, heart chambers, and route of mammalian circulation.
How red bloods cells (RBCs) demonstrate the relationship of structure to function.
The general characteristics of a respiratory surface.
The pathway a molecule of oxygen takes from the air until it is picked up by the hemoglobin of a red blood cell.