1. Signal Words of Present Perfect
GRAMMAR UNIT 5
Signal Words of Present Perfect
already, ever, just, never, yet, for , since

2. It has just started raining
They’ve already read that book
It’s 0:00 and Peter still hasn’t come
Juan hasn't proposed to Jenny yet.
She has lived here for twenty years.
I have worked here since 1990.
Have you ever seen an unicorn?No, I’ve never seen one

3. I HAVE / SHE HAS + already
I HAVE / SHE HAS + just …
For actions that have happened RECENTLY.
Maria has just finished her homework
They have just come from the supermarket
It has just started raining
Just goes after the auxiliary have/has and before the past participle
I HAVE / SHE HAS + already
We use "already" to express actions that have happened, often earlier than expected , but we don’t know when
I have already done my homework
Blas has already watched “Transformers” the movie
They’ve already read that book
TAKE A LOOK AT THE STRUCTURE
SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS + ALREADY/JUST + PARTICIPLE

4. TAKE A LOOK AT THE STRUCTURE
I HAVEN’T / SHE HASN’T + PAST PART. + yet… (and QUESTIONS.. )
We use yet for negative sentences and questions. It is used for actions that you think have happened and to express expectations.
- Have you eaten at "Friday's" yet? (you can’t believe it) - I haven't been to Europe yet. (But I expect to go there) - Has Matilda been to New York yet? - Have you studied for the test yet? - Juan hasn't proposed to Jenny yet.
TAKE A LOOK AT THE STRUCTURE
SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS NOT + PARTICIPLE + YET
HAVE/HAS + SUBJECT + PARTICIPLE + YET ?

5. Still + PRESENT PERFECT
It has the same meaning as YET but they are placed at
different places in the sentence.
STILL is placed before HAVE/HAS
I still haven‘t visited London.
YET is placed at the end of the sentence
I haven‘t visited London yet.
I’ve been waiting for over an hour and the bus still hasn’t come.
You promised to give me that report yesterday and you still haven’t finished it.
It is often used with other tenses as well as the present perfect.
I’ve still got all those letters you sent me.
Are you still working in the bookshop?

6. affirmative sentences
Dad’s just washed up
He finished a few minutes ago
Dad’s already washed up
It’s done but we don’t know when
negative sentences
Dad still hasn’t washed up
Dad hasn’t washed up yet
The dirty plates are still in the sink
questions
Has Dad washed up yet?
You want to know

7. Imagine your mother has asked you if you have made your bed
Imagine your mother has asked you if you have made your bed. You have several possible answers.
Mother‘s question: Have you made your bed yet?
Your answer 1: No, I haven‘t made it yet. I‘m sorry.
Your answer 2: No, I still haven‘t made it. I‘m sorry.
Your answer 3: Yes, I have already made it. Stop bothering me!
Your answer 4: I have just made it. Can‘t you see?

8. GRAMMAR PRACTICE
(To identify tenses)

9. Period of time vs A point in time
…this morning
…last week
…yesterday
…I was a child
…Wednesday
…2 o'clock.
…last year
…June 8th
…I met you
…six years …a week …a month …hours …two hours …a few days

10. PRESENT PERFECT + for We use for with a period of time: For six years
a week
a month
hours
two hours
a few days,
I have worked here for five years.
She has lived here for twenty years.
We have taught at this school for a long time.
Alice has been married for three months.
They have been at the hotel for a week.

11. PRESENT PERFECT + since
Since + a point in time
since this morning
last week
yesterday
I was a child
Wednesday
2 o'clock.
last year
June 8th
I met you
I have worked here since 1990.
She has lived here since she was a child.
We have taught at this school since February
Alice has been married since March 2nd.
They have been at the hotel since last Tuesday.

12. the 70s ten centuries last weekend Ten seconds Christmas Eve a decade I finished school a couple of days My birthday a long time I was a boy the last month fifteen years the accident we bought this house a month I met you a millennium August then

13. For + a period of time Since + a point in time a millennium
ten seconds
a long time  
a decade
a couple of days  
ten centuries
fifteen years  
a month  
we bought this house
I met you
 then
the accident
  the last month
last weekend      
Christmas Eve          
I finished school          
my birthday                
the 70s      
I was a boy      
August
                                 

14. Ever Never Have you ever seen a double rainbow?
It means "at any time." One of its uses is in questions:
Have you ever seen a double rainbow?
Has Jim ever been late for work?
Have Julie and her boyfriend ever had a fight?
It means "not at any time." Its main use is in negative statements: 
They've never arrived late.
She's never fought with her boyfriend.
Bob's never smoked.
Never

15. Summing up Affirmative sentences I’ve already made my bed
Acabar de…
I’ve already made my bed
JUST
Ya…
She has just come from Paris
YET
Negative sentences
and
question
Aun , todavia …
I haven’t read the book yet
STILL
I still haven’t read it
FOR
Time expressions
Durante …
They’ve lived here for 3 months
SINCE
Desde …
We have had this dog since June
EVER
Alguna vez …
Have you ever eaten turtle?
NEVER
Nunca…
No, I have never eaten it

17. Past simple vs Present Perfect
I phoned Mary 2 minutes ago
I have just phoned Mary.
He went to Canada last summer.
Have you ever been to Canada? / I have been to Canada twice.
I bought a new bike. (just telling what I did in the past.)
I have bought a new bike. (With this sentence I actually want to express that I have a new bike now.)
Certain time in the past
Its’s related with the present
Certain event in the past
Emphasis on the action
Emphasis on the result

18. Jack grew a beard but now he has shaved it off.
They went out after lunch and they have just come back
I went to bed early last night.
They arrived at the party an hour ago.

19. Do not use the present perfect if there is no connection with the present (for example, things that happened a long time ago):
The Chinese invented printing.
How many plays did Shakespeare write?
Compare these sentences
Shakespeare wrote many plays.
My sister is a writer. She has written many books.

20. We use the present perfect to give new information or to announce a recent happening:
Ow! I have cut my finger!
The police have arrested two men in connection with the robbery.

21. Compare present perfect and past simple:
We use the present perfect for a period of time that continues from the past until now.
For example, today, this week, since 1985.
It hasn’t rained this week.
Have you seen Ann recently?
Tom lives in London. He has lived there for seven years.
I have never played golf.
Past simple
We use the past simple for a finished time in the past.
For example, yesterday, last week, from 1985 to 1991.
It didn’t rain last week.
Did you see Ann on Sunday?
Tom lived in Scotland for ten years. Now he lives in London.
I didn’t play golf when I was on holiday last summer.

22. Already Just Yet Never Ever How long…? For Since TIME EXPRESSIONS
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
PAST SIMPLE
TIME EXPRESSIONS
Yesterday
In 2005
Last night
Last week
Last month
Last Monday ….
A week/two hours/some years AGO
When
TIME EXPRESSIONS
Already
Just
Yet
Never
Ever
How long…?
For
Since

23. Rephrasing
Katie likes rock music. She first listened to it when she was about twelve.
She has listened rock music SINCE she was 12
The TV is on. We switched it on at 7 o’clock this morning.
It has been switched of SINCE 7 o’clock
Harry’s a doctor. He became a doctor when he was 20
He has been a doctor SINCE he was 20
I don’t see my cousin. He moved to the US in 2011.
I haven’t seen him FOR 5 years
Alice and Clare don’t speak. They had an argument a month ago.
They haven’t spoken FOR a month

24. We live in Oxford. We came here in 2008.
We have lived in Oxford SINCE 2008
We have lived in Oxford FOR 8 years
Kim and Jason are married. They got married last summer.
They have been married FOR a year
I last read a newspaper on June 2nd .
I haven’t read a newspaper SINCE June 2nd
It is two years since I saw Tom.
I haven’t seen Tom FOR two years
It's two months since he earned any money.
He has earned money FOR two months
He last shaved the day before yesterday.
He hasn’t shaved FOR two years
I last drank champagne at my brother's wedding
I haven’t drunk champagne SINCE my brother’s wedding

25. How many plays has Shakespeare written?
Are the underlined parts of these sentences right or wrong? Correct the ones that are wrong.
How many plays has Shakespeare written?
Have you read any of Shakespeare’s play?
Aristotle has been a Greek philosopher.
Ow! I’ve cut my finger. It’s bleeding.
My grandparents have got married in London.
Where have you been born?
Mary isn’t at home. She’s gone shopping
DID SHAKESPEARE WRITE
RIGHT
WAS
RIGHT
GOT
WERE YOU BORN
RIGHT

26. Are the underlined parts of these sentences right or wrong
Are the underlined parts of these sentences right or wrong? Correct the ones that are wrong.
I’ve bought a new car. Do you want to see it?
I’ve bought a new car last week.
Where have you been yesterday evening?
Jenny has left school in 1991.
I’m looking for Mike. Have you seen him?
I’m very hungry. I haven’t eaten anything today.
Diane hasn’t been at work yesterday.
When has this book been published?
RIGHT
BOUGHT
WERE YOU
LEFT
RIGHT
RIGHT
WASN’T
WAS THIS BOOK

27. Put the verb into the correct form, present perfect or past simple.
GOT
WAS
When I _____________ (get) home last night, I ______________ (be) very tired and I ______________ (go) straight to bed.
Your car looks very clean. _________________ (you/wash) it?
George ______________ (not/be) very well last week.
Mr Clark ______________ (work) in this bank for 15 years.
Molly lives in Dublin. She ______________ (live) there for all her life.
‘______________ (you/go) to the cinema last night?’ ‘Yes, but it ______________ (be) a mistake. The film ______________ (be) awful.’
My grandfather ______________ (die) 30 years ago. I ______________ (not meet) him.
I don’t know Carol’s husband. I ______________ (never/meet/him).
WENT
HAVE YOU WASHED
WASN’T
HAS WORKED
HAS LIVED
DID YOU GO
WAS
WAS
DIED
DIDN’T MEET
HAVE NEVER MET

29. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
I HAVE WORKED A LOT TODAY
I HAVE BEEN WORKING THE WHOLE MORNING
SHE HAS PAINTED THE HOUSE
SHE HAS BEEN PAINTING AL THE MORNING