1. London

2. London

3. London

4. Industrial Revolution
Part I – England

5. Thesis
During the mid to late 1700s most of the rest of Europe was directly or indirectly involved in some type of civil unrest; however England, which was detached from the continent proper, had already fought two types of revolutions, and had the most political and economic freedom, was primed for peaceful, societal breakthroughs. These emerged in the form of the Industrial Revolution, which, once started, gave England an overwhelming advantage in trade and military production and allowed it to create the most powerful empire since Rome.

6. (Industrial) Revolutions
IR begins in Britain in the mid-1700s
On the continent: French Revolution & Napoleon lead upheaval all over Continental Europe
Spain, Russia, Austria, France, etc.
One major exception is Prussia (which will have the IR second)
Congress of Vienna tries to fix this, poorly
One country in Europe unscathed: England
Had earlier Civil War & Glorious Rev.has recovered from that
US Revolution really not all that major on growth and economy (salutary neglect) of Britain
Strong empire (controlled the sea) and access to natural resources
History of strong economic systems (banking, etc.)
The IR:
New type of revolution changes the way people live and work
Mostly refers to how machines helped people do their jobs faster
Huge impact on society more so than political revolutions

7. Still going on today Historians claim three IRs:
Britain
Rest of Europe, US, Canada, Japan
Rest of the world (still going on today)
Social scientists claim three different phases:
Farming, textiles, early factories & transportation
New inventions in weapons, sanitation, mass production and culture
Technological revolution (still going on today)

8. The English countryside

9. Starts with agriculture
England in the early 1700s was covered in small farms
Series of breakthroughs in farming:
Jethro Tull invents a seed machine that drills small holes in the ground to make sure seeds can germinate – huge increase in crop yields
Crop rotation replaces three field system
Wealthy landowners start buying up smaller farms and create large farms
Allowed farmers to work bigger fields = find new ways to farm and produce
Example: Experiment with selective animal reproduction average weight of sheep goes from 18 to 50 pounds
Two results
Rapid increase in productivity
Small farmers go to tenant farming or cities
More crops + more meat = healthier people = Longer life= MORE people
More people means more demand for manufactured goods
Clothes, household goods, tools, etc
Second phase occurs in textiles
Series of breakthroughs: cotton gin, spinning jenny, power loom, etc.
Starts with cottage industries, eventually consolidates to factories

10. Transportation Prior to IR everything moved at the speed of a horse
Start to move things on water
US and Britain both become obsessed with water and build series of canals
Over 4000 miles of canals in England by 1820
Technology quickly replaced by key to IR: STEAM
Steam engine built then put in ships (and later trains)
Even more powerful when Isambard Kingdom Brunel figures out how to build big ships (and later trains)

12. Railway age begins
Road transportation improves radically at this time as well
Richard Trevithick invents a steam locomotive in 1804
George Stephenson builds the first railroad line in 1821 – from coal mines in Yorkshire to the North Sea
First run was a 13-ton load pulled by a locomotive at the breakneck speed of…. 21 mph
But England could then ship coal from northern England to London, or even to other countries = more production = more jobs = Industrial Revolution Time

13. Inventions Conditions were right for an explosion of creativity
Series of major, major breakthrough from everything to waterproof clothes to early computers, to cure for small pox
Example: Cotton production in US goes from 1.5 million pounds in 1790 to 85 million pounds in just 20 years
Glut of people and resources leads to mass production and consumerism
Need place to set up new machines to produce
Get really big buildings = birth of factory
Turn into productions machines running 18+ hours per day employing everyone (even kids) for very little
Also need new place for all these people to live
Most move to cities which aren’t ready
Live in crummy conditions = slums
Live at mercy of (sometimes cruel) landlords
All this will eventually be fixed but takes some time