1. Electronic Commerce Eighth Edition
Chapter 2 Technology Infrastructure: The Internet and the World Wide Web 1 1

2. Learning Objectives In this chapter, you will learn about:
The origin, growth, and current structure of the Internet
How packet-switched networks are combined to form the Internet
How Internet protocols and Internet addressing work
The history and use of markup languages on the Web, including SGML, HTML, and XML
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition
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3. Learning Objectives (cont’d.)
How HTML tags and links work on the World Wide Web
The differences among internets, intranets, and extranets
Options for connecting to the Internet, including cost and bandwidth factors
Internet2 and the Semantic Web
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4. The Internet and the World Wide Web
Computer network
Technology allowing people to connect computers
Internet
Interconnected global computer networks (large)
Basic technology structure
Computer networks and the Internet
Underlies e-commerce
World Wide Web (Web)
Subset of Internet computers
Contents easily accessible
Includes easy-to-use interfaces
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5. Growth of the Internet 1991 1995: privatization of the Internet
Further easing of commercial Internet activity restrictions
1995: privatization of the Internet
Operations turned over to privately owned companies
Internet based on four network access points (NAPs)
Network access providers
Sell Internet access rights directly to larger customers
Use Internet service providers (ISPs)
Sell to smaller firms and individuals
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7. Growth of the Internet (cont’d.)
Internet hosts: directly connected computers
Internet growth
Technological and social accomplishment
Used by millions of people
Thousands of different software packages
Billions of dollars change hands yearly
Led to World Wide Web
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8. Emergence of the World Wide Web
Software running on Internet-connected computers
Generates Internet traffic
Web software: largest single traffic category
Outpaces: , file transfers, other data transmission traffic
New way of thinking about information storage and retrieval
Web history important innovations
Hypertext
Graphical user interfaces
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9. Emergence of the World Wide Web (cont’d.)
The development of hypertext (cont’d.)
1989: Tim Berners-Lee
Proposed hypertext development project
Provided data-sharing functionality
Developed hypertext server program code
Hypertext server
Stores Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) files
Computers connect and read files
Web servers (today)
Hypertext servers used on the Web
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition

10. Emergence of the World Wide Web (cont’d.)
The development of hypertext (cont’d.)
HTML
Set of codes (tags) attached to text
Describes relationships among text elements
Hypertext link (hyperlink)
Points to another location
Same or another HTML document
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11. Emergence of the World Wide Web (cont’d.)
Graphical interfaces for hypertext
Web browser
Software interface
Users read (browse) HTML documents
Move from one HTML document to another
Text formatted with hypertext link tags in file
HTML document
No specification of text element appearance
Graphical user interface (GUI)
Presents program control functions, output to users
Pictures, icons, other graphical elements
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12. Emergence of the World Wide Web (cont’d.)
Berners-Lee’s system of hyperlinked HTML documents
Quick acceptance in scientific research community
1993: first GUI program (Mosaic)
Read HTML
Used HTML hyperlinks for page-to-page navigation
First Web browser widely available for personal computers
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13. Emergence of the World Wide Web (cont’d.)
Easy way to access Internet information
Provided by functional system of pages connected by hypertext links
Profit-making potential
Netscape Communications founded in 1994
Netscape Navigator Web browser (based on Mosaic)
Microsoft: Internet Explorer (most widely used)
Mozilla Firefox: Netscape Navigator descendant
Number of Web sites
More rapid growth than the Internet itself
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14. Commercial business Web use increasing
Estimates
More than 140 million Web sites
More than 30 billion individual Web pages
Commercial business Web use increasing
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15. Networks Local area network (LAN) Wide area networks (WANs)
Network of computers located close together
Wide area networks (WANs)
Networks of computers connected over greater distances
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16. Domain Names Dotted decimal notation difficult to remember
Sets of words assigned to specific IP addresses
Example:
Contains three parts separated by periods
Top-level domain (TLD): rightmost part
Generic top-level domains (gTLDs)
Sponsored top-level domains (sTLD)
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
Responsibility: managing non-sTLD
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18. Web Page Request and Delivery Protocols
Web client computers
Web client software (Web browser software)
Sends Web page file requests to other computers (Web servers)
Web server computer
Web server software
Receives requests from many different Web clients
Client/server architecture
Combination: client computers, server computers
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19. Web Page Request and Delivery Protocols (cont’d.)
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
Internet Web page file delivery rules
Web page request using Web browser
Type of protocol name followed by “//:” before domain name
Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
Combination: protocol name, domain name
Locate resource (Web page) on another computer (Web server)
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20. Electronic Mail Protocols
Electronic mail ( )
Formatted according to common set of rules
Client/server structure
server
Computer devoted to handling
Stores, forwards messages
client software
Read and send
Communicates with server software
Standardization and rules very important
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21. Electronic Mail Protocols (cont’d.)
Two common protocols
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
Specifies mail message format
Describes mail administration server
Describes mail transmission on the Internet
Post Office Protocol (POP)
Sends mail to user’s computer, deletes from server
Sends mail to user’s computer, does not delete
Asks if new mail arrived
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22. Electronic Mail Protocols (cont’d.)
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)
Set of rules for handling binary files
Interactive Mail Access Protocol (IMAP)
Newer protocol
Same basic POP functions
Includes additional features
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23. Unsolicited Commercial E-Mail (UCE, Spam)
Bulk mail
Electronic junk mail
Wastes people’s time and computer disk space
Consumes large amounts of Internet capacity
Distracts employees
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24. Hypertext Markup Language
Hypertext elements
Text elements related to each other
HTML
Prevalent markup language to create Web documents
W3C HTML Working Group page
Detailed HTML versions, related topic information
HTML extensions
Features that work in specific Web browsers
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25. Hypertext Markup Language (cont’d.)
HTML tags
Interpreted by Web browser
Format text display
Enclosed in angle brackets (<>)
Opening tag and closing tag
Format text between them
Closing tag
Preceded by slash within angle brackets (</>)
User may customize tag interpretations
Tags: lowercase or uppercase letters
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26. Hypertext Markup Language (cont’d.)
One-sided tags
Require opening tag only
Two-sided tags
Optional closing tag
Closing tag position very important
Opening tag may contain one or more property modifiers
Further refine tag operation
Other frequently used HTML tags
Graphics and tables
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29. Intranets and Extranets
internets (small “i”)
Interconnected networks
Do not extend beyond organizational boundaries
Intranet
Interconnected network (or internet)
Uses TCP/IP protocol set
Does not extend beyond creating organization
Extranet
Intranet extended
Includes specific entities outside organization boundaries
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30. Intranets Distribute internal corporate information
Low-cost, efficient
Client/server model-based
Requests work same way as on the Internet
Web browsers, Internet-based protocols used
Reduces software maintenance, update costs
Employees’ computer workstations
Script used to update workstations automatically
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31. Extranets
Connects company with suppliers, business partners, other authorized users
Database access, files, other information
Set up through the Internet or separate network
Some extranets start as intranets
Select Internet users’ data access
Example: FedEx package-tracking software
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32. Public and Private Networks
Public network
Public availability
Private network
Private, leased-line connection
Physically connects intranets to one another
Leased line
Permanent telephone connection between two points
Advantage: security
Drawback: costs
Scaling problem: adding companies
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33. Virtual Private Network (VPN)
Extranet using public networks and protocols
Sends sensitive data
Uses IP tunneling (encapsulation) system
Private passageway through public Internet
Secure transmission: one computer to another
Encapsulation
Process of creating virtual passageway VPN software
Encrypts packet content, places inside another packet
IP wrapper: outer packet
VPN software installed on both computers
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34. Leased lines not required
Infrastructure required outside company’s intranet
Extranets sometimes confused with VPNs
VPN is an extranet
Extranet not necessarily a VPN
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35. Internet Connection Options
Set of interconnected networks
Organizations connect computers using a network
Internet access providers (IAPs) or ISPs
Provide Internet access to:
Individuals, businesses, other organizations
Offer several connection options
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition

36. Connectivity Overview
Common connection options
Voice-grade telephone lines, various types of broadband connections, leased lines, wireless
Distinguishing factor
Bandwidth
Amount of data traveling through communication line per unit of time
Net bandwidth
Actual speed information travels
Symmetric connections
Provide same bandwidth in both directions
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37. Connectivity Overview (cont’d.)
Asymmetric connections
Provide different bandwidths for each direction
Upstream bandwidth (upload bandwidth)
Amount of information from user to the Internet in a given amount of time
Downstream bandwidth (download, downlink bandwidth)
Amount of information from the Internet to user in a given amount of time
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition

38. Wireless Connections Satellite sent microwave transmissions
Download speeds (500 Kbps)
Upload handled by POTS modem connection
Today, companies use microwave transmitter (150 Kbps)
Costs, accuracy improving
POTS modem upload connection not required
Wireless devices
34 percent of Internet users use wireless devices
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition

39. Wireless Connections (cont’d.)
Bluetooth and Ultra Wideband (UWB)
Bluetooth design for use over short distances
Low-bandwidth technology (722 Kbps)
Personal area networks (PANs) or piconets
Small Bluetooth networks
Advantage: consumes very little power
Ultra Wideband (UWB)
480 Mbps
Connections over short distances (30 to 100 feet)
Future personal area networking applications
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition

40. Wireless Connections (cont’d.)
Wireless Ethernet (Wi-Fi)
Wi-Fi (wireless Ethernet, b)
Wireless access point (WAP)
Transmits packets between Wi-Fi-equipped computers and other devices within range
802.11b (11 Mbps): range of about 300 feet
802.11a (54 Mbps): not b compatible
802.11g (54 Mbps): b compatible
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41. Wireless Connections (cont’d.)
Cellular telephone networks
Broadcast signals to (receive signals from) antennas
Three miles apart in grid
Original design
Voice communications
Third-generation (3G) cell phones
Combine latest technologies available today
Short message service (SMS) protocol
Send and receive short text messages
Cell phones may include tiny Web browsers
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42. Summary In this chapter, you were introduced to:
History of the Internet and Web
Hardware and software technology
Make electronic commerce possible
How the Internet and World Wide Web work
Technologies supporting the Internet, the Web, electronic commerce
Protocols, programs, languages, architectures
TCP/IP
HTML, SGML, XML
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43. Summary (cont’d.) Networking technologies
Internets, intranets, and extranets
Types of Internet connections
Internet2
Semantic Web project
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition