1. Parenting Styles and Outcomes
Thought to Consider:
The way children are parented when they are young can influence the type of people they become.
Read the thought statement to students. Ask them how parenting styles and approaches can impact the adults we become.

2. Types of Parenting Styles and Outcomes
4 Main Parenting Styles
Authoritarian
Permissive
Democratic-Authoritative
Rejecting-Neglecting
There are 4 main parenting styles.

3. Authoritarian: Limits without Freedom
Parent controls behaviors and attitudes
Misconduct is punished
Parent values unquestioned obedience
Parent’s word is law, parent has absolute control.
Affection and praise are rarely given
Parents try to control children's’ behavior and attitudes
Parents value unquestioned obedience
Children are told what to do, how to do it, and where to do it, and when to do it.
Definition:
Parent’s word is law, parent has absolute control.
Misconduct is punished
Affection and praise are rarely given
Parents try to control children's’ behavior and attitudes
Parents value unquestioned obedience
Children are told what to do, how to do it, and where to do it, and when to do it.
Discussion:
What does this type of parent sound like? (i.e.- military)
What are the strengths of this parenting style?
What do you think are the challenges of relying on this parenting style alone?
How do you think the children of these parent(s) function in school?

4. Outcomes of Authoritarian Style
Obedient, distrustful, discontent
Withdrawn, unhappy, hostile, often rebel
Children from authoritarian homes are so strictly controlled, either by punishment or guilt, that they are often prevented from making a conscious choice about particular behavior because they are overly concerned about what their parent(s) will do.
Children from authoritarian homes are so strictly controlled, either by punishment or guilt, that they are often prevented from making a conscious choice about particular behavior because they are overly concerned about what their parent(s) will do.

5. Permissive: Freedom without limits
Parents are warm but non-controlling and place few demands upon children
Children are rarely punished and have little respect for order and routine
Parents allow their children to do their own thing.
Little respect for order and routine.
Parents make few demands on children.
Definition:
Parents allow their children to do their own thing.
Little respect for order and routine.
Parents make few demands on children.
Impatience is hidden.
Discipline is lax
Parents are resources rather than standard makers
Rarely punish
Non controlling, non-demanding
Usually warm
Children may take advantage of parent(s)
Discussion:
How do you think children from Permissive parent(s) function in school?
What do you think are the strengths of relying on this parenting style?
What do you think are the challenges to relying on this parenting style?

6. Permissive: Freedom without limits
Impatience is hidden.
Discipline is lax
Parents are resources rather than standard makers
Rarely punish
Non controlling, non-demanding
Usually warm
Children may take advantage of parent(s)

7. Outcomes of Permissive Parenting
Aggressive
Least self-reliant
Least self-controlled
Least exploratory
Often unhappy
Children from permissive homes receive so little guidance that they often become uncertain and anxious about whether they are doing the right thing.
Children from permissive homes receive so little guidance that they often become uncertain and anxious about whether they are doing the right thing.

8. Democratic/Authoritative: Freedom within limits
Stress freedom, with rights and responsibilities
Parent(s) set limits and enforce rules
Willing to listen to child’s requests
Exert firm control, but explain reasoning
Consistent, demanding
Respect’s child’s uniqueness
Definition:
Middle ground between the two above
Stress freedom along with rights of others and responsibilities of all
Parents set limits and enforce rules
Willing to listen receptively to child’s requests and questions.
Both loves and limits
Children contribute to discussion of issues and make some of their own decisions
Exert firm control when necessary, but explain reasoning behind it.
Respect children’s interest, opinions, unique personalities.
Consistent, demanding
Combine control with encouragement
Reasonable expectations and realistic standards.
Discussion:
How do children from democratic fair in school?
What do you think are the strengths of this type of parent?
What are some challenges to this parenting style?

9. Democratic/Authoritative: Freedom within limits
Middle ground between the two above
Stress freedom along with rights of others and responsibilities of all
Parents set limits and enforce rules
Willing to listen receptively to child’s requests and questions.
Both loves and limits
Children contribute to discussion of issues and make some of their own decisions
Exert firm control when necessary, but explain reasoning behind it.
Respect children’s interest, opinions, unique personalities.
Consistent, demanding
Combine control with encouragement
Reasonable expectations and realistic standards.

10. Outcomes of Democratic/Authoritative Style
Happy
Content, friendly, generous
Cooperative
Values high achievement
Less likely to be seriously disruptive or delinquent
Parental expectations of children are to perform well, fulfill commitments, participate in family duties.
Children learn how to formulate goals.
They also experience the satisfaction that comes from meeting responsibilities and achieving success.

11. Outcomes of Democratic/Authoritative Style
Parental expectations of children are to perform well, fulfill commitments, participate in family duties.
Children learn how to formulate goals.
They also experience the satisfaction that comes from meeting responsibilities and achieving success.

12. Rejecting-Neglecting: Uninvolved
Parents are disengaged and have low responsiveness
No support for children
No limits are set
Behavior of children is not monitored
Parents focus on their own needs over children’s needs
Definition:
Parenting style that is unsupportive and non-demanding.
Parents are disengaged and put their own needs before the child’s needs.
Parents set no limits and are not supportive of children.
Discussion:
In what possible situations or scenarios could this parenting style be seen? (i.e. – substance abuse, mental illness, homelessness, divorce)
How could a child overcome the problems associated with this parenting style?

13. Rejecting-Neglecting: Uninvolved
Parenting style that is unsupportive and non-demanding.
Parents are disengaged and put their own needs before the child’s needs.
Parents set no limits and are not supportive of children.

14. Outcomes of Rejecting-Neglecting
Poor self-regulation
Low academic and social competence
Internalize problems
Have problems with peers
Poor social and academic performance
More likely to take part in risky behavior
Children of this parenting style have the most serious problems. These problem behaviors can worsen as a child grows older.

15. Outcomes of Rejecting-Neglecting
Children of this parenting style have the most serious problems. These problem behaviors can worsen as a child grows older.

16. Summary Supportive Parent is accepting and child-centered Unsupportive
Parent is rejecting and parent-centered
Demanding
Parent expects much of child
Democratic-Authoritative Parenting
Relationship is equal and open; 2-way communication
Authoritarian Parenting
Relationship is controlling, power-assertive; 1-way communication
Undemanding
Parent expects little of child
Permissive Parenting
Relationship is lenient; low in control efforts
Rejecting-Neglecting Parenting
Relationship is rejecting or neglecting; uninvolved
Review the Summary Table with students. Use the Instructional Support Material, Parenting Styles Sketches, or have students divide a piece of plain paper into four quadrants. Have them label the outside indicators (Supportive, Unsupportive, Demanding, Undemanding) appropriately and then instruct students to draw a simple sketch or drawing that represents each of the corresponding parenting styles in the correct quadrant.

17. Abuse and Neglect
Children and teens need care. They need food, clothing, and a place to call home.
They also need protection from danger. Both neglect and abuse are illegal.
Child neglect involves endangerment of or harm to a child caused by an adult’s failure to provide for the child’s basic needs.
Children and teens need care. They need food, clothing, and a place to call home. They also need protection from danger. Both neglect and abuse are illegal. Child neglect involves endangerment of or harm to a child caused by an adult’s failure to provide for the child’s basic needs.

18. Types of Abuse CONTRIBUTING TO THE DELINQUENCY OF A MINOR
PHYSICAL ABUSE
EMOTIONAL/PSYCHOLOGICAL ABUSE
criticism, threats, or rejection
SEXUAL ABUSE
Inappropriate touching, sexual acts, and exposure to pornography.
CHILD ENDANGERMENT
Placing a child in a potentially dangerous or harmful situation
CONTRIBUTING TO THE DELINQUENCY OF A MINOR
Any action by an adult encouraging illegal behavior by someone under the age of 18, or that places children in situations where they are exposed to illegal activities
Child abuse involves threatening or inflicting harm on a child. Types of abuse:
Emotional abuse: Includes constant criticism, threats, or rejection that harms a child’s sense of self-worth and emotional development.​
Sexual abuse: Includes inappropriate behavior toward or with a child including touching, sexual acts, and exposure to pornography.​
Child endangerment: Placing a child in a potentially dangerous or harmful situation. Examples include driving intoxicated with a child in the car or leaving a young child unsupervised.
Contributing to the delinquency of a minor: Any action by an adult encouraging illegal behavior by someone under the age of 18, or that places children in situations where they are exposed to illegal activities. For example, providing alcohol to someone underage.

19. Types of Abuse
Child abuse involves threatening or inflicting harm on a child. Types of abuse:
Emotional abuse: Includes constant criticism, threats, or rejection that harms a child’s sense of self-worth and emotional development.​
Sexual abuse: Includes inappropriate behavior toward or with a child including touching, sexual acts, and exposure to pornography.​
Child endangerment: Placing a child in a potentially dangerous or harmful situation. Examples include driving intoxicated with a child in the car or leaving a young child unsupervised.

20. Types of Abuse
Contributing to the delinquency of a minor: Any action by an adult encouraging illegal behavior by someone under the age of 18, or that places children in situations where they are exposed to illegal activities. For example, providing alcohol to someone underage.

21. Types of Neglect PHYSICAL MEDICAL EDUCATIONAL EMOTIONAL SELF-NEGLECT
Failure to provide food, clothing, shelter
MEDICAL
Failure to provide treatment for injuries or illnesses
EDUCATIONAL
Failure to conform to state’s legal requirements
EMOTIONAL
Failure to meet child’s emotional needs
SELF-NEGLECT
Behaviors committed which endangers health, safety, and overall well-being
ABANDONMENT
When a parent, guardian, or person with assumed responsibility abandons a child without any regard for the child’s health or safety
MATERIAL EXPLOITATION
Misuse of their financial resources, property, or possessions
PHYSICAL- refers to a failure to provide such basic needs as food, clothing, shelter, or appropriate supervision. MEDICAL-involves a failure to provide necessary treatment for injuries, illnesses, or other health conditions.
EDUCATIONAL- failure to conform to a state's legal requirement to provide for a child's education or special education needs. EMOTIONAL-involves a failure to meet a child's emotional needs or to provide psychological care, or to allow a child to use alcohol or drugs. SELF-NEGLECT-involves behaviors that endanger health, safety, and overall well-being.
ABANDONMENT- when a parent, guardian, or person in charge abandons a child without any regard for the child’s health or safety.
MATERIAL EXPLOITATION-misuse of their financial resources, property, or possessions.  ​

22. Causes
There is no one single cause of child abuse and neglect. Possible causes:
Generation to generation
Exposure to violence in society
Neglect and abuse can occur across all socio-economic, cultural, and ethnic groups.
There is no one single cause of child abuse and neglect. They may vary, but still produce the same hurtful results.​
Sometimes it is passed from generation to generation. When a child is a victim of abuse, he or she might think this is normal behavior. When the child grows up, he or she may repeat he abusive behavior for lack of another known way
Exposure to violence in society is also a possible cause.
Neglect and abuse can occur across all socio-economic, cultural, and ethnic groups .

23. Causes
Sometimes it is passed from generation to generation. When a child is a victim of abuse, he or she might think this is normal behavior. When the child grows up, he or she may repeat he abusive behavior for lack of another known way
Exposure to violence in society is also a possible cause.
Neglect and abuse can occur across all socio-economic, cultural, and ethnic groups .

24. Risk Factors Grouped into four types
Parent or caregiver
Family
Child
Environmental factors
Many of these risk factors relate to stressors.
Economic distress brought on by unemployment, inadequate pay, or illness in the family are often associated with abuse.
Parental personality
Need to control
Low self-esteem
Anger issues
Social isolation
There are certain risk-factors that researchers commonly associate with neglect and abuse.​
These risk factors are grouped into four types, which include parent or caregiver, family, child, and environmental factors.​
Many of these risk factors relate to stressors.​
Economic distress brought on by unemployment, inadequate pay, or illness in the family are often associated with abuse.
Lacking parental skills plays a part.​
Parental personality issues such as need to control, low self-esteem, anger issues, social isolation, or difficulty coping with stress are often factors as well, depression and other mental health problems, alcohol and substance abuse.

25. Five Protective Factors
Parental Resilience
Social Connection
Knowledge of Parenting & Child Development
Concrete Support in Times of Need
Nurturing Children’s Social and Emotional Competence
Increasing the Protective Factors, decreases risk factors.
Increasing the Protective Factors, decreases risk factors.

26. Factors that Reduce Risk of Child Maltreatment

28. What does the research indicate?

29. What we know: Families thrive when protective factors are robust in their lives and communities.

30. The Importance of Relationships
An environment of relationships shapes intellectual, social, emotional, physical, behavioral, and moral development
Caregivers are the active sculptors of their children’s growing brains
The caregiver’s emotional availability and empathetic responsiveness is an important part of that environment

31. Elder Abuse
Elder abuse involves any act that threatens or harms the health or well-being of an older adult.
As older adults develop physical or mental problems, they often become quite frail and vulnerable. ​
Unfortunately, as older adults become more frail and vulnerable, they may become victims of elder abuse. ​
Elder abuse involves any act that threatens or harms the health or well-being of an older adult.

32. Elder Abuse
As older adults develop physical or mental problems, they often become quite frail and vulnerable. ​
Unfortunately, as older adults become more frail and vulnerable, they may become victims of elder abuse.  ​
Elder abuse involves any act that threatens or harms the health or well-being of an older adult.

33. Types of Abuse and Neglect
Physical Abuse
Sexual Abuse
Emotional or Psychological Abuse
Left Bedridden or Not Receiving Medications
Self-neglect
Intentional or Unintentional
Victim of Abandonment
Material Exploitation
Stealing Money or Possessions
The types of elder abuse are similar to the types of child abuse.​
Elder abuse may include physical abuse, sexual abuse, and emotional or psychological abuse.​
Older adults may be mistreated in other ways too.
Through neglect, older adults may be left bedridden. They may not receive their needed medications.​
Self-neglect involves behaviors committed by the older adult that endangers his or her health.​
Self-neglect may be intentional or unintentional.​
Older adults may become a victim of abandonment when a person who has assumed responsibility for the care of an older adult deserts, or leaves, the older adult.
Material exploitation is the misuse of an older adult’s financial resources, property, or possessions.  ​
Stealing money or possessions from an older adult, forging an older adult’s signature, or targeting an older adult as part of a financial scam are all examples of material exploitation.
When risk factors are present, families can be connected to appropriate social programs.​
Local government sources, doctors, religious organizations, schools, hospitals, health centers, and law enforcement agencies can provide referrals to support systems within the community.

34. Types of Abuse and Neglect
The types of elder abuse are similar to the types of child abuse.​
Elder abuse may include physical abuse, sexual abuse, and emotional or psychological abuse.​
Older adults may be mistreated in other ways too.
Through neglect, older adults may be left bedridden. They may not receive their needed medications.​
Self-neglect involves behaviors committed by the older adult that endangers his or her health.​

35. Types of Abuse and Neglect
Self-neglect may be intentional or unintentional.​
Older adults may become a victim of abandonment when a person who has assumed responsibility for the care of an older adult deserts, or leaves, the older adult.
Material exploitation is the misuse of an older adult’s financial resources, property, or possessions.  ​
Stealing money or possessions from an older adult, forging an older adult’s signature, or targeting an older adult as part of a financial scam are all examples of material exploitation.

36. Types of Abuse and Neglect
When risk factors are present, families can be connected to appropriate social programs.​
Local government sources, doctors, religious organizations, schools, hospitals, health centers, and law enforcement agencies can provide referrals to support systems within the community.

37. Stop the Abuse and Neglect
When risk factors are present, families can be connected to appropriate social programs for referrals to support systems
Local government sources
doctors
religious organizations
schools
Hospitals and health centers
law enforcement agencies