1. Revisiting and Reshaping the Investment Focus
Integrating Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and Climate Change Adaptation (CCA):
Revisiting and Reshaping the Investment Focus
DRR
CCA
DRRCCA

2. Presentation Outline Definitions
Relationship between Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
Drivers of DRR/CCA
Issues relating to DRR/CCA
The Investment Focus
Challenges and Opportunities
Guided Questions

3. .
Over the last two decades ( ), 76% of all disaster events were hydrological, meteorological or climatological in nature; these accounted for 45% of the deaths and 79% of the economic losses caused by natural hazards.” (UN/ISDR, 2008).

4. Disaster Risk Reduction
Definitions
The concept and practice of reducing disaster risks through systematic efforts to analyze and manage the causal factors of disasters, including through reduced exposure to hazards, lessened vulnerability of people and property, wise management of land and the environment, and improved preparedness for adverse events’ (UNISDR, 2009).
Disaster Risk Reduction

5. IPC 4th Assessment Report 2007
Climate Change
Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, because of increases in air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea levels.
IPC 4th Assessment Report 2007

6. Definitions Adaptation
The adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities (UNISDR 2009)
Adaptation

7. Relationship - Differences and Similarities of CCA/DRR
Origins in humanitarian assistance after a disaster event
Evolved from top-down and bottom-up perspectives
CCA
Origins in scientific theory
Generally emerged from top-down driven policies
Mercer 2010

8. Differences and Similarities of CCA/DRR
Recognise the focus on underlying causes of vulnerability which also gives it a futuristic perspective.
Time frame consideration is less – 20 years
CCA
CCA has strong emphasis on future hazards and projections of the possible outcomes from these hazards
Time frame is much longer – 100 years and beyond

9. Differences and Similarities of CCA/DRR
DRR addresses hazards broadly to include both climatic and non-climatic hazards
Focus is usually on existing hazards or hazards that have a historical base, and can be recounted from experiences
CCA
CCA focuses specifically on climatic hazards
CCA has strong emphasis on future hazards and projections of the possible outcomes from these hazards

10. Differences and Similarities of CCA/DRR
DRR has at its centre: human welfare, in terms of the impacts of events on society and infrastructure.
Mitigation in a DRR context refers to the use of structural and non-structural measures to limit the adverse impact of natural hazards
CCA
Initially, climate change looked more on atmospheric processes and physical exposure
Mitigation in CCA context means climate change setting it means the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions

11. Differences and Similarities of CCA/DRR
Adaptation from a DRR refers to both climatic and non-climatic hazards (UNISDR 2012)
Institutional arrangements and frameworks existed much longer than CCA hence an older discipline
CCA
Adaptation from a CCA refers to hazards (UNISDR 2012)
Institutional arrangements and frameworks more recent hence CCA a younger discipline compared to DRR (UNISDR 2012)
DRR is Regional insitution for DRR (CDEMA) established 1991
Regional insitution for CCA (CCCCC) established 2005

12. Differences and Similarities of CCA/DRR
The Hyogo framework has been adopted worldwide and is accepted as a global frame in tackling hazards,
CCA
Still no official or widely accepted framework in the CCA arena.
There are several guiding frameworks

13. and do not outweigh the similarities
The differences between DRR and CCA may seem many, however they are inconsequential for practical application (Mercer, 2010)
and do not outweigh the similarities

14. HAZARDS & Implications for Sectors
September, 2013

15. CCA and DRR
Source: Venton and Latrobe, 2008; UNISDR, 2012

16. Similarities
Both DRR and CCA aim to reduce the vulnerability of countries, to hazard events
Both are interested in building resilience for communities
Pursue and practice risk management approaches
(i) Impacts the development portfolios of countries to include poverty reduction strategies (UNISDR, 2012), health programmes, land use planning and environmental protection (Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre, 2012).
Disasters undo decades of development efforts and may reverse the gains in poverty reduction (UNISDR, 2008).
(2) CCA and DRR are thus poised to reduce vulnerability and enhance resilience.

17. Relationship between DRR/CCA

18. Drivers of DRR/CCA Integration
Common goal of sustainable development
Addressing vulnerability to climate-related hazards
Reality of climate variability and change
“No Regrets Approach”
Transboundary nature of climate related hazards
Mainstreaming efforts at the sectoral level

19. Concepts Influencing DRR/CCA Integration
National Policies and Programmes
Sustainable Development agenda support
Stable, transparent and effective Governance
Inter-sectoral dialogue and coordination
Existing practices tools and systems
Integration within development budgets
Capacity building and institutional frameworks
For CCA and DRR to be most effective, the
ey should be integrated into national policies and
programmes.

20. Issues related to DRR/CCA
Separate institutional arrangements, strategies, conceptual approaches, assessment methodologies and frameworks exists
Both areas have developed separately within the past two decades
Funding streams for DRR are insufficient and ad hoc whilst increasing for CCA
Numerous calls for integration but no agreement on how

21. The Investment Focus
At the global level, climate change is slowly rising in importance on the development agendas of nations
Funds are increasingly becoming available to cope and adapt to these impacts, while DRR funds are at times insufficient or are tied to humanitarian assistance (UNISDR, 2008)

22. The Investment Focus
There is now the propensity ‘to exclusively target CCA to attract funds, thereby deflecting from wider development issues upon which those funds might otherwise be expended
(Mercer 2010)
The separation of funding mechanisms has served to reinforce the divide between DRR and CCA
(UNISDR, 2012).
Outcomes include overlapping policies and institutional arrangements, the replication of duties and a general inefficient use of resources.

23. The Investment Focus
Climate change really represents one contributing factor to vulnerability,
Resource allocations, focus is automatically placed on adaptation initiatives at the expense of broader hazard management issues

24. Challenges and Opportunities
Inadequate institutional arrangements
Artificial separation of limited human resources into separate communities
Institutional Capacity
Need for involvement of all stakeholders
Review reporting lines for DRR/CCA in countries
Political Support

25. Challenges and Opportunities
Imbalance in resource allocation
Lack of dedicated resources from national budgets for programming
Budgetary Support
Require efforts to harmonise policies and financing mechanisms
International Support

26. At the community level, not much distinction is made between CCA and DRR for residents (Mercer, 2010).
Focus is more on interrelated issues (i.e. political, social, economic) and viewing problems as a whole versus in separate parts (Mercer, 2010).
Residents are therefore more concerned with dealing with hazards, rather than differentiating them and their responses.
If this is the case, climate change should not be considered a stand-alone issue, but rather integrated into a DRR framework, where all vulnerable factors contributing to community risk are addressed. If not the global level, this can occur at the regional, national and local levels.

27. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE CARIBBEAN

28. RECOMMENDATIONS (CON’T)
The enhanced comprehensive disaster management strategy presents an opportunity to integrate CCA and by extension climate change mitigation. These are not addressed in depth.
The new CDM strategy (2014 – 2024) has stated the need ‘to harmonize a clearly established and understood nexus between CCA and DRR….’ but has not yet completed the process of defining how this integration will occur. The Regional Framework for Achieving Development Resilient to Climate Change has already initiated this.
In fact, climate change may seem to be an ‘add-on’ as expressed in the mandate: ‘to strengthen regional, national, and community level capacity for mitigation, management and coordinated response to natural and technological hazards and the effects of climate change.’

29. Case Examples: TONGA & VANUATU
Tonga - developed an integrated plan for Disaster Risk Management and Climate Change that includes reduction in green house gas emissions (UNISDR, 2012).
Vanuatu - At the national level, this can also be achieved through logistics and physical location They co-located the national disaster management office and meteorological services (that housed the climate change unit) (UNISDR, 2012).
This can also be applied in a Caribbean context, once the political will exists.

30. INTEGRATED DRR & CCA STRATEGY + IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
RFADRCC
Implementation Plan
(IP)
Regional Framework for Achieving Development
Resilient to Climate Change ( RFADRCC)
CDM Strategy +
Human Activities
Risks of occurrence
Hazards & Potential Impacts
Climate System
Unacceptable risk
Acceptable risk
Natural Phenomenon
(non-human)
Reduction of Green House Gases
(mitigation)
CDEMA
CCCCC
CIMH
UWI- Seismic
INTEGRATED DRR & CCA STRATEGY + IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
Reduce Risk
Through Disaster Risk Reduction and Adaptation
Non – Climatic Systems
Raise Risk
Threshold through Adaptation
Learn from Experiences CC
DRR & CCA
DRR
OTHER

31. Guided Questions Is there a need for improved DRR/CCA integration
At what levels? All or some.
Why is there a need for this integration?
What are some of the barriers to integration?
What are some of the opportunities?
What are some of the emerging good practices?
Feedback on the model
Recommendations