1. Energy Internet Scavenger Hunt (H4)
Renewable/Nonrenewable? (H3A)
READ: H1a-d

2. NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY

3. BIG IDEA
Modern lifestyles require large amounts of energy. Much of that energy today comes from burning nonrenewable fuels. Using those fuels has a huge economic, social, political and environmental impact.

4. Fuels for different purposes
Five main purposes for fuels:
Cooking
Transportation
Manufacturing
Heating/cooling
Electricity
Some fuels better for some purposes
Why is coal not used to fly planes?

5. Different fuels for different uses
Would coal be a good transportation fuel?
Would oil be good to use on your stovetop to heat up some pasta?

6. Energy Sources
Renewable: Nearly always available or replaceable in a relatively short time; (sunlight, wind, flowing water, heat from Earth)
Nonrenewable: Natural resource that cannot be re-made or re-grown at a scale comparable to its consumption (fossil fuels, nuclear energy)

7. Evaluating Energy Resources
Non-renewable energy:
ex: oil, coal, natural gas, nuclear
84% of world commercial energy (78% from fossil fuels,
6% nuclear)

8. Evaluating Energy Resources
Renewable Energy Sources:
16% of world’s commercial energy resources
(10% biomass, 5% hydro, and 1% combo of geothermal, wind and solar)

9. Commercial Energy Use By Source 2002
Commercial Energy = power used by commercial entities, as opposed to residential, industrial, or transportation energy (example: retail stores, auto dealerships)

10. Global Energy Consumption

11. U.S. Energy Consumption

12. History of U.S. Consumption

13. NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES
FOSSIL FUELS
Coal
Oil
Natural gas (petroleum)
NUCLEAR ENERGY

14. What are fossil fuels?
Fossil fuels are the remains of ancient organisms changed into solid (coal), liquid (oil) or gas (natural gas)
Why called fossil fuels?
Most energy today is from these 3

15. What are fossil fuels? Why are fossil fuels nonrenewable?
TRAPPED CHEMICAL POTENTIAL ENERGY FROM ANCIENT PHOTOSYNTHESIS
ENERGY originally comes from the sun – when undergoing photosynthesis, solar energy gets transformed into chemical energy
Gets stored in complex molecules – over millions of years, molecules undergo series of rxns result in fossil fuels
Fossil fuels composed of hyrdocarbons: hydrogen and carbon atoms

16. How fossil fuels form: Fossil fuels: Composed of hyrdrocarbons
After organism(s) die, if little to no O2 present, fossil fuels are produced as the remains of living things are broken down in environment
Deep lakes, swamps, etc.
Dead organisms accumulate at bottom of body of water
Sediments accumulate on top and exert pressure
ENERGY originally comes from the sun – when undergoing photosynthesis, solar energy gets transformed into chemical energy
Gets stored in complex molecules – over millions of years, molecules undergo series of rxns result in fossil fuels
Fossil fuels composed of hyrdocarbons: hydrogen and carbon atoms

17. How fossil fuels form:
Dependent on temperature, amount of pressure, chemical composition of starting material, the remains of organisms may be converted into crude oil, natural gas, or coal
Comes from:
OIL = microscopic animals, algae (in ocean)
COAL = plant remains (under high pressure)
Crude oil – “naturally occurring”

18. HOW IS COAL MADE ?

19. Coal formation Peat forms as plants die and fall into body of water
Forms over millions of years
Different types of coal: from lowest energy value to highest: lignite, , sub-bituminous, bituminous, anthracite
Coal formation

20. Coal Formation and Types

21. COAL: Mainly used to generate electricity
After firewood, coal was the major source of energy.
End of 1800s coal is the worlds dominant fuel.
Steam engines, heating, cooking, industry
World’s most abundant fossil fuel
¼ of world supply located in U.S.
Main producers and users of coal today: U.S, China
Crude oil – “naturally occurring”

22. How is coal extracted? Strip mining: Subsurface mining:
When coal deposits at/near surface
Removes a strip of the layers of soil/rock on top of mineral deposit – exposes huge amounts of soil/rock
Once coal is exposed, soil may be put back to fill the holes
Subsurface mining:
When coal deposits are underground
Dig shafts deep into group to find/remove a mineral
Networks of tunnels are blasted with explosives and then dug out so that miners can reach coal

23. Coal Mining

24. Electricity – Power on Demand

25. How is coal used?
Coal provides 51% of current U.S. electricity. (62% worldwide)
Used to make ¾ of worlds steel.

26. Coal Advantages Most abundant fossil fuel. Lots of energy
Relatively inexpensive.
U.S. has plenty of it for a while.
Power Plants relatively cheap to build.

27. Coal Disadvantages
High environmental impact (air, water, land, acid rain)
Global Warming, high CO2 emissions
Dangerous to mine

29. OIL:
Crude oil, aka petroleum – liquid fossil fuel made up of hyrdocarbons
Used for most forms of transportation, can heat home with fuel oil, petrochemicals (CDs, laptops, plastic items, raincoats)
Middle east = rich in these deposits (and russia, north and south america)

30. Finding petroleum deposits
Crude oil and natural gas often found together in deep deposits in pores and cracks.
Found using sophisticated equipment
Usually only 30-35% is extractable
Higher prices mean more can be extracted.
Oil gets soaked up in rocks (via tiny holes/pores) – send sound waves deep underground – length of time to be reflected gives away characterstics about rocks – can then have oil companies drill deep holes/remove rock cores to see If rock contains oil

31. Drilling for oil Oil trapped in rocks is under extreme pressure
Oil will rise in the well w/o needing to be pumped out
Primary extraction used to remove oil
Once pressure decreases, secondary extraction used to get oil to surface
Chemicals used to dissolve oil
Or water/steam/gases beneath oil deposit are pumped to remove the oil
Once extracted, the crude oil needs to be refined to be usable
Separated into different fuels – “refinery”
Oil gets soaked up in rocks (via tiny holes/pores) – send sound waves deep underground – length of time to be reflected gives away characterstics about rocks – can then have oil companies drill deep holes/remove rock cores to see If rock contains oil

32. Refining crude oil. Based upon their boiling points, components are removed in a giant distillation column.

33. 1 barrel is 42 gallons

34. OIL
U.S.:
Uses 26%
Produces 2.9%
Import 60% (36% in 1973)

35. North American Energy Resources
Fig p. 357

36. Offshore oil accounts for 1/4th of U. S. Oil Production
Offshore oil accounts for 1/4th of U.S. Oil Production. 9 of 10 barrels come from the Gulf.

37. Global Oil Consumption: US, China, Japan largest oil consumers.

38. Oil, What Is Left?
Most energy expert believe there are about 1,050 billion barrels left.
Peak Production This Decade
Rising Demand, Dwindling Supply = Higher Prices

39. Oil, What Is Left? Ways of extending oil supplies: Increase CAFÉ
Find new reserves
Taxing
Conservation
Increased use of other sources.
The Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards are regulations in the United States, first enacted by the U.S. Congress in 1975, in the wake of the Arab Oil Embargo, to improve the average fuel economy of cars and light trucks (trucks, vans and sport utility vehicles) produced for sale in the United States.

40. Advantages of Oil We are used to it
Have a system to distribute and use it set up
High energy level
Used in many products
Relatively low cost

41. Disadvantage of Oil Running Out (Nonrenewable) U.S. has little
Dependent of foreign sources
POLLUTION
Global Warming

43. What is natural gas? Mainly methane CH4
Also
Ethane C2H6
Propane C3H8
Butane C4H10
Formed like oil from buried animals and plants millions of years ago.

44. Where is it found? Deposits usually found above oil deposits.
In past was seen as unwanted waste and burnt off.

45. U.S. Natural Gas
U.S. supplies should last years depending upon demand.
Supplies have been declining for years.

46. Fracking A potential huge source…at what cost?

47. Main transportation method is pipelines

48. How is it used? : Natural Gas
53% of heat in U.S. homes
16% of electricity and growing quickly
Hot water heaters
Can be used in vehicles

49. Advantages of Gas Cleaner burning than coal or oil.
Emits far fewer CO2 per energy units
More efficient energy producer and plants are cheaper to build

50. Disadvantages of Natural Gas
Nonrenewable
Highly Flammable
Air pollution
Global Warming
Can be a challenge to transport

51. REVIEW: 1. What nations are the main producers of coal today?
2. What is petroleum composed of?
3. Compare/Contrast between oil and natural gas.
4. Describe primary extraction.
5. Where did the energy in fossil fuels originally come from? Why type of energy is stored in fossil fuels
6. What are two major methods of obtaining coal from the ground? Compare these two methods.
7. How are rocks that contain oil similar to a sponge?
8. What is one advantage that natural gas has over coal and oil?
9. Why is the supply of fossil fuels dwindling?

53. Consequences of Fossil Fuel Usage
-exact amount of fossil fuels that are left or how long they will last is unknown
-the most accessible reserves of natural gas, oil, and coal have already been used up

54. Carbon Dioxide Emissions Per Unit of Energy

55. Pollution, Climate Change, and Public Health
Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide, which contributes to global climate change.
When coal and oil burn, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released, which contribute to smog and acid deposition.
Oil spills, equipment ruptures, and oil in runoff pollute waterways, oceans, and coastal areas.
Coal-fired power plants release mercury, which harms human health. Crude oil contains trace amounts of lead and arsenic.

56. Damage Caused by Extracting Fuels
Mining:
Humans risk lives and respiratory health.
Ecosystems are damaged by habitat destruction, extensive erosion, acid drainage, and heavy metal contamination downslope of mines.
Oil and gas extraction:
Roads and structures built to support drilling break up habitats and harm ecosystems.
The longterm consequences of accidents can be uncertain or unpredictable
Acid drainage from a coal mine

57. Dependence on Foreign Sources
Fossil fuels are not evenly distributed over the globe, so some countries must import fuel sources.
Nations that import fuel may be vulnerable to changes in fuel prices set by suppliers.
Nations can import less fuel by developing domestic oil sources and renewable energy sources.

58. Energy Conservation
Practice of reducing energy use to make fossil fuels last and to prevent environmental damage
Transportation: Gas-efficient cars and higher gas prices could help conserve energy in the U.S.
Personal choices: Individuals can save energy by turning off lights, taking public transit, and buying energy-efficient appliances.

59. Review: *Read pages 529-535 Complete the following questions:
REAL DATA: questions 1-4
Reading checkpoint (p.531)
Reading checkpoint (p.532)
MAP IT questions 1-3
Lesson assessment questions 1-5

61. Section: Nuclear Energy
How does a nuclear fission reactor work?
What is the nuclear fuel cycle?
What is the history of nuclear technology? Where is it used today?
What are advantages and disadvantages of using nuclear power?
What are the disposal issues for high-level and low level nuclear waste?
What is the future for nuclear power?

62. Nuclear Power: background info
Does NOT pollute the air
Potential radioactive waste disposal and nuclear power plant accidents
U.S. generates the most electricity from nuclear power but only uses 20%
France uses the most (78%)
Nuclear energy – energy that holds protons and neutrons together in nucleus
Energy converted to thermal energy to generate electricity
Release of nuclear energy in a power plant = nuclear fission

63. How does a nuclear fission reactor work?
Isotopes of uranium and plutonium undergo controlled nuclear fission.
U235 and Pt239
(U contains 92 Protons, how many neutrons???)
Fission Chain Reaction, splitting the nucleus, releasing heat (& radiation) to produce steam

65. Nuclear Fusion Joining two atomic nuclei to form one nucleus
Releases much more energy than fission
Currently impractical because very high temperatures are needed, but scientists continue exploring fusion for our future energy needs

66. Generating Electricity
Nuclear power plant contains a nuclear reactor – generates electricity by fission rxns
Uranium-235 used as fuel *nonrenewable
1. nuclear fission takes place
Reactor contains fuel rods: made of uranium-235
Fission rxns generate heat which is transferred to water surrounding rods
Water is kept under pressure so it cannot boil
2. steam is produced
Water passes via pipe into steam generator and is changed to steam – this flows to turbine
3. electricity generated
Steam makes turbine rotate – generator moves – electricity produced
4. water cooled
Steam flows into condenser to get cooled, changing steam into water, then sent back to reactor

69. Benefits and Costs of Nuclear Power
No air pollution
Expensive to build and maintain
Requires little uranium fuel and little mining
Catastrophic accidents are possible.
Under normal conditions, nuclear power plants are safer for workers than coal-burning power plants.
Nuclear waste must be stored for thousands of years.
Chernobyl

70. Advantages of Nuclear Power
Large Fuel Supply
Little Air Pollution and CO2 emissions
Moderate to low water and land environmental impact
Low risk of accidents

71. Disadvantages of Nuclear Power
High cost of building and operating plants
Possibility of catastrophic accidents
No long-term solutions for waste
Spreads knowledge of nuclear weapon technology
Terrorist Attacks

72. Review: 1. What is a nuclear chain reaction?
2. List the steps involved in using nuclear fission to generate electricity.
3. Why is the disposal of nuclear waste a greater problem than the disposal of the trash that you and your family need to get rid of?
4. Compare/Contract nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.
5. Which do you think has more advantages: electricity generated by nuclear power or electricity generated by coal? Support your opinion with specific details.

73. Sweet explorations lab Horizontal Drilling