1. CHAPTER 1: FOUNDATIONS OF GOVERNMENT

2. LESSON 1: Purposes and origins of government
THE FUNCTIONS OF GOVERNMENT
MOST PEOPLE WOULD NOT CHOSE TO LIVE IN ANARCHY – A STATE WITHOUT GOVERNMENT AND LAWS
WHY?
LEGITMATE AND FUCTIONING GOVERNMENTS CREATE ORDER, PROTECT PEOPLE AND GIVE OPPOTURNITIES TO SETTLE DISAGREEMENTS FAIRLY AND PEACEFULLY.
GOVERNMENT – INSTITUTION THROUGH WHICH LEADERS EXERCISE POWER TO MAKE AND ENFORCE LAWS AFFECTING PEOPLE UNDER ITS CONTROL
PROVIDE LEADERSHIP, ORDER, SECURTY & DEFENSE, PUBLIC SERVICES AND ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE & SECURITY

3. PROVIDE LEADERSHIP
DECIDE WHAT ACTIONS TO TAKE ON CRIME, WHO PAYS TAXES AND HOW MUCH THEY PAY, WHO BENEFITS FROM NATURAL RESOURCES
WITHOUT LEADERSHIP, NO ONE IS IN CHARGE AND THAT CREATES ANARCHY.

4. MAINTAINING ORDER
IN ALMOST ANY GROUP PEOPLE WILL DISAGREE AND SOME MIGHT EVEN TRY TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF OTHERS
GOVERNMENTS TRY AND LIMIT CONFLICTS BY PLACING LIMITS ON WHAT PEOPLE ARE PERMITTED TO DO.
POLICE ENFORCE LAWS
COURTS HELP RESOLVE CONFLICTS AND PUNISH THOSE WHO BREAK THE LAW

5. “THE LEGITIMATE OBJECT OF GOVERNMENT IS TO DO FOR A COMMUNITY OF PEOPLE WHATEVER THEY NEED TO HAVE DONE BUT CANNOT DO AT ALL, OR CANNOT SO WELL DO FOR THEMSELVES IN THEIR SEPARATE AND INDIVIDUAL CAPACITIES. BUT IN ALL THAT PEOPLE CAN INDIVIDUALLY DO FOR THEMSELVES, GOVERNMENT OUT NOT TO INTERFERE.”
~Abraham Lincoln, 1854

6. Provide public services
Governments create schools (I know ), build sewer systems, pave roads and provide other services that most can not do on their own.
Promote public health and safety
Fire departments, housing codes, meat inspection, drivers licenses
What else?

7. Providing national security
The united states armed services
Intelligence agencies
fbi

8. Providing economic security & assistance
Negotiate trade deals, protect native businesses
Might also intervene in other nations to protect economic interests.
Remember the marshall plan?
Economic assistance
Food stamps, welfare, affordable housing, unemployment insurance

9. Check yourself What is a government and what are its basic functions?
What do governments provide their citizens?

10. NATION, STATE AND COUNTRY THE SAME THING OR DIFFERENT?
NATION – GROUP OF PEOPLE UNITED BY BONDS OF RACE, LANGUAGE, CUSTOM, TRADITION AND SOMETIMES RELIGION
STATE – POLITICAL COMMUNITY THAT OCCUPIES A DEFINITE TERRITORY AND HAS AN ORGANIZED GOVERNMENT
COUNTRY - POLITICAL COMMUNITY THAT OCCUPIES A DEFINITE TERRITORY AND HAS AN ORGANIZED GOVERNMENT
SOVEREIGNTY – THE SUPREME AND ABSOLUTE AUTHORITY WITHIN TERRITORIAL BOUNDARIES.

11. ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF A STATE
STATES MUST HAVE PEOPLE. WITHOUT THEM, THERE IS NO ONE TO GOVERN AND NO REASON FOR A STATE TO EXIST.
A STATE HAS ESTABLISHED BOUNDARIES. EXAMPLE – THE BORDERS OF THE UNITED STATES ARE RECOGNIZED BY ITS CITIZENS AND ITS NEIGHBORS (CANADA AND Mexico). Sometimes these boundaries can lead to conflicts.
Key characteristic is sovereignty – the state has complete independence and power to makes laws, foreign policy and determine its course of action.
States must have someone in charge.
POPULATION
TERRITORY
SOVEREIGNTY
GOVERNMENT

12. Origins of the state
Evolutionary theory – the state evolved from the family. Believe that governments came about because large, extended families needed more organization.
Force theory – states evolved when people needed to cooperate to survive but could only become organized when one or more people took control.

13. Divine right theory – state existed to serve the demands and will of god.
Divine right – the idea that people are chosen by god or the gods to rule.
Social contract theory – states exist to protect and serve their people.
“without order and protection, no decent life of any kind would be possible.”
Social contract – people surrender to the state the power needed to maintain order & the state, in turn, agrees to protect its citizens.

14. Review on your own sheet of paper
Page 11 in textbook
Work with a partner
Answer questions 1-5…yes you must write the questions. 

15. LESSON 2: TYPES OF GOVERNMENET
WHAT PRINCIPLES GUIDE DIFFERENT TYPES OF GOVERNMENT?
WHAT TYPE OF GOVERNMENT IS THE UNITED STATES?
WHAT DOES THAT MEAN TO YOU?
WHAT ARE ITS MOST IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS

16. Systems of government
Unitary system – a government that gives all key powers to the national government
Examples: Japan, France, Bolivia
Confederate system – a loose union of independent states. A confederate system has powerful states and a weak central government.
Example: united states before the constitution
FEDERAL SYSTEM – POWER IS DIVIDED BETWEEN NATIONAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS.
EXAMPLE: United states today because of the constitution

18. CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENTS
CONSTITUTION – PLAN THAT PROVIDES THE RULES OF GOVERNMENT
PURPOSE – SETS OUT IDEALS THAT THE PEOPLE BELIEVE IN, ESTABLISHES BASIC STRUCTURE OF THE GOVERNMENT, PROVIDES THE SUPREME LAW FOR THE COUNTRY
CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT – GOVERNMENT IN WHICH A CONSTITUTION HAS AUTHORITY TO PLACE CLEARLY RECOGNIZED LIMITS ON THE POWERS OF THOSE WHO GOVERN
IS THE U.S. A CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT?
IF YES, WHAT ARE SOME LIMITATIONS PLACED ON THE GOVERNMENT BY THE CONSTITUTION?

19. MAJOR TYPES OF GOVERNMENTS
AUTHORITARIAN GOVERNMENT – GOVERNMENT THAT CONTROLS ALL ASPECTS OF CITIZENS’ ECONOMIC, POLITICAL AND SOCIAL LIVES. AKA TOTALITARIAN.
EXAMPLE: Soviet union, nazi Germany
Often run by a dictatorship – power is in the hands of one person or an oligarchy – system where a small group holds power
Few, if any, political freedoms such as freedom of speech etc. The media is also restricted.

20. Monarchy – system of government in which a king, queen or emperor exercises supreme powers of government.
Some monarchies are absolute (king rules all) but most are constitutional monarchies and the king is limited in power.
Example: England

21. DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENTS
DEMOCRACY – GOVERNMENT IN WHICH THE PEOPLE RULE
BEGINS IN ANCIENT GREECE AND ROME
U.S. IS A DEMOCRACY
A DEMOCRACY CAN BE DIRECT OR REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY
DIRECT – EVERYONE VOTES ON GOVERNMENT ISSUES DIRECTLY, USEFUL ONLY IN SMALL GROUPS
REPRESENTATIVE – PEOPLE ELECT REPRESENTATIVES WHO MAKE LAWS ETC
U.S. IS A REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY
REPUBLIC – GOVERNMENT IN WHICH VOTERS HOLD SOVEREIGN POWER, ELECT REPRESENTATIVES WHO GOVERN AND EXERCISE POWER

22. REVIEW AUTHORITARIAN MONARCHY DEMOCRACY
CONTROLS ALL ASPECTS OF A CITZEN’S LIFE
CAN BE CALLED TOTALITARIAN AS WELL
USUALLY RUN BY A DICTATOR
LIMITS FREEDOMS AND ELECTIONS TO RETAIN POWER, SOMETIMES WITH VIOLENCE
EXAMPLES: NORTH KOREA, IRAN, Soviet Union, Nazi Germany
RULED BY A KING, QUEEN OR EMPEROR
CAN BE EITHER AUTHORITARIAN OR DEMOCRATIC
AUTHORITARIAN MONARCHIES HAVE NO CHECKS ON THE KING’S POWER
DEMOCRATIC MONARCHIES HAVE LIMITED THE CROWN’S POWER IN SOME WAY
EXAMPLES: ENGLAND
RULED BY THE PEOPLE
MORE FREEDOMS THAN AUTHORITARIAN GOVERNMENTS
CAN BE DIRECT (EVERYONE VOTES ON LAWS) OR REPRESENTATIVE (People elect representatives to govern)
Representative democracy is also known as a republic
Examples: United States, England?

23. PRINCIPLES OF DEMOCRACY
CITIZEN PARTICIPATION
REGULAR FREE AND FAIR ELECTIONS
ACCEPTING THE RESULTS OF ELECTIONS
RULE OF LAW
MAJORITY RULE WITH MINORITY RIGHTS
ACCOUNTABILITY
TRANSPARENCY
LIMITED GOVERNMENT AND BILL OF RIGHTS
CONTROL OF THE ABUSE OF POWER
ECONOMIC FREEDOM
EQUALITY
INDIVIDUAL OR HUMAN RIGHTS
INDEPENDENT JUDICIARY
COMPETING POLITICAL PARTIES

24. REVIEW QUESTIONS
HOW IS A CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT DIFFERENT FROM A COUNTRY WITHOUT A CONSTITUTION?
WHY IS THE UNITED STATES BOTH A DEMOCRACY AND A REPUBLIC?
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AUTHORITARIAN AND DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENTS?
CHOOSE A PRINCIPLE OF DEMOCRACY THAT YOU FEEL IS MOST ESSENTIAL TO A DEMOCRATIC FORM OF GOVERNMENT. EXPLAIN WHAT THIS PRINCIPLE IS AND WHY IT IS ESSENTIAL. INCLUDE EXAMPLES THAT SUPPORT YOUR CHOICE.

25. LESSON 3: THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
ECONOMICS – STUDY OF HOW PEOPLE AND NATIONS USE THEIR LIMITED RESOURCES TO ATTEMPT TO SATISFY WANTS & NEEDS
KEY FUNCTION OF GOVERNMENT IS TO MAKE ESSENTIAL DECISIONS ABOUT THE ECONOMY.
HOW DO THEY DO THIS TODAY?

26. FACTORS OF PRODUCTION:
PRODUCERS – PEOPLE WHO MAKE GOODS AND SERVICES
DISTRIBUTERS – PEOPLE WHO GET PRODUCTS TO BUYERS
CONSUMERS – PEOPLE WHO BUY GOODS AND SERVICES
LABOR – WORK THAT PEOPLE DO OR THE PEOPLE THEMSELVES
RESOURCES – NATURAL MATERIALS AND HUMAN MATERIALS (KNOWLEDGE)
CAPITAL – MONEY OR RESOURCES NECESSARY TO PURCHASE OR INVEST
ENTREPRENEURS – RISK TAKING INDIVIDUALS WHO USE OTHER FACTORS TO MAKE PROFITS

27. CAPITALISM
CAPITIALISM – ECONOMIC SYSTEM THAT EMPHASIZES FREEDOM OF CHOICE AND INDIVIDUAL INCENTIVE.
THE U.S. ECONOMY IS BASED ON CAPITIALISM
FREE MARKET/FREE ENTERPRISE – ECONOMIC SYSTEM IN WHICH BUYERS AND SELLERS MAKE FREE CHOICES AND HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO CONTROL ONE’S OWN ECONOMIC DECISIONS